pRflMKLiN  Institute  Lidr/irt 

FHILflDELFMIrt 

CIass.^..l.  .1.        BookU'5>..§>.:^i^.y^  Accession -V.'^...0...1S 


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regulations : — 


'6 


'J 


^4  or 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2015 


https://archive.org/details/mechanicalprinciOOIeon 


MECHANICAL  PEINCIPIA;  . 

CONTAINING  ALL  THE  VARIOUS 


CALCULATIONS  ON  WATER  AND  STEAM  POWER, 


AND  ON  THE  DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF 


MACHINERY  USED  IN  MANUFACTURING ; 


WITH  TABLES  SHOWINO  THE 


COST  OF  MANUFACTURING  DIFFEEENT 
STYLES  OF  COTTON  GOODS. 


BY 

CHARLES  ELBREDGE  LEONARD. 


C 


NE  W.YORK : 
LEAVITT,  TROW  &  CO.,  191  BROADWAY. 
1848. 


IS/ 

/H8 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1848, 

By  LEAVITT,  TROW  &  CO., 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the 
Southern  District  of  New-York. 


PREFACE. 


The  present  work  pretends  to  no  other  merit  than  that 
of  being  a  laborious  collection  of  the  most  useful  calcula- 
tions for  the  mechanic  and  manufacturer. 

All  the  various  calculations  on  motive  power  have  been 
condensed  and  arranged  in  as  comprehensive  a  mode  as  pos- 
sible, which  are  such  as  to  enable  the  mechanic  to  obtain  the 
solution  of  any  problem,  simply  by  referring  to  the  tables. 
Hence  it  will  be  seen,  that  those  mechanics  who  possess 
very  little  mathematical  knowledge,  will  be  able  to  obtain 
the  solution  of  the  most  intricate  problems  in  mechanical 
science.  To  obtain  the  theoretical  power  of  a  water  site  or 
a  steam  engine  becomes,  as  it  were,  a  purely  mechanical 
problem  ;  but  unless  the  ratio  of  the  theoretical  and  practical 
results  are  known,  these  solutions  would  be  of  very  little 
practical  use  to  the  mechanic.  So  far  as  circumstances 
would  permit,  this  ratio  of  the  difference  between  theory  and 
practice  has  been  obtained,  and  the  results  carried  out  in 
the  different  tables.  The  table  containing  calculations  on 
the  steam  engine  shows  the  theoretical  power,  on  account  of 
the  diversity  of  opinion  in  regard  to  the  per  cent  loss  of 


IV 


PREFACE. 


power  due  to  escape-steam,  friction  of  the  engine,  &c.  It 
has  been  left  optional  with  the  mechanic,  in  making  his 
calculations,  what  per  cent  to  allow.  From  a  great  number 
of  observations,  we  conclude  that  the  effective  power  of  a 
high-pressure  engine,  when  the  steam  does  not  act  expan- 
sively, is  about  45  per  cent  less  than  that  due  to  the  pres- 
sure indicated  by  the  gage  on  the  boiler.  Hence,  to  find  the 
effective  power  of  an  engine,  deduct  45  per  cent  of  the 
pressure  indicated  by  the  gage. 

The  tables  showing  the  cost  per  yard  of  manufacturing 
different  styles  of  goods  from  different  prices  of  cotton,  were 
predicated  upon  the  yearly  results  of  a  large  number  of 
factories.  There  is  no  doubt  that  some  of  the  recently 
erected  factories,  particularly  those  which  are  making 
printing  goods,  are  able  and  do  manufacture  at  less  cost  per 
yard,  than  the  amounts  represented  in  the  tables.  Some  of 
those  which  are  making  printing  goods  containing  54  by  58, 
60  by  64,  and  64  by  68  threads  per  square  inch,  are  able 
to  manufacture  probably  for  some  three  or  four  mills  per 
yard  less  than  represented  in  the  tables ;  but  these  are 
isolated  cases,  and  should  not  therefore  govern  or  influence 
in  any  manner  the  statements  which  profess  to  show  the 
usual  cost  of  manufacturing. 

The  table  which  contains  the  calculated  power  of  belts 
we  believe  is  the  first  which  has  appeared  of  its  kind.  As 
the  calculations  are  predicated  upon  practical  results,  we 
put  them  forward  as  correct  data  upon  which  all  the 
various  calculations  on  belting  can  be  safely  predicated. 
The  elements  from  which  these  calculations  were  made  are 
duly  considered  in  the  General  Explanations  of  the  different 


PREFACE. 


V 


tables.  An  experiment  on  the  power  of  a  belt  is  also  given 
in  one  of  the  notes  at  the  end  of  the  work. 

The  table  showing  the  per  cent  loss  of  the  power  of  a 
stream,  when  it  is  transmitted  by  the  overshot  or  breast  wheel, 
we  believe  will  not  differ  essentially  from  the  true  and  actu- 
al result.  As  every  element  which  is  involved  in  Note  A 
is  predicated  upon  mathematical  truths,  except  the  per  cent 
loss  of  the  power  due  to  the  velocity  of  the  wheel,  this  ele- 
ment becomes  as  it  were  a  distinct  mathematical  theorem, 
which,  when  considered  in  detail,  gives  a  result  nearly 
corresponding  with  that  given  in  Note  A. 

As  this  work  was  designed  as  a  book  of  reference,  it  was 
concluded  best  not  to  give  the  mode  of  ascertaining  the 
general  results,  but  ta  reserve  that  for  another  work  which 
will  be  considered  a  Key  to  this,  which  will  consist  of  two 
parts,  the  first  giving  the  origin  of  all  the  rules  in  mechanical 
science  in  algebra,  and  also  the  origin  of  all  the  rules  by 
which  all  the  various  calculations  in  this  work  were  made  ; 
the  second  part  will  give  the  same  results,  but  in  an 
arithmetical  form. 

All  must  readily  admit  that  it  required  no  small  amount 
of  labor  to  perfect  the  present  work,  and  that  its  design 
proposes  a  plan  of  arranging  calculations,  which  cannot  fail 
to  be  very  useful  to  the  mechanic  and  manufacturer. 


CONTENTS. 


WATER  POWER. 

PAGK. 


Table  showing:  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  in  streams  per  second. ...  12 

Table  showing  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  over  clams  per  second ....  13 
Table  showing  the  horse  power  of  diiferent  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  when 

applied  to  overshot  and  breast  wheels   14 

Table  showing  the  required  area  of  the  canal  which  conveys  the  water  to  flumes  at 

the  wheels.   18 

Table  showing  the  back  water  to  wheels   19 

Table  showing  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  overshot  and  breast  wheels  running 

five  feet  per  second   21 

Table  showing  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  pinion  per  minute  which  gears  into 

the  wheel   22 

Table  showing  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  discharged  per  second  under  dif- 
ferent heads   23 

Table  showing  the  horse  power  of  overshot  and  breast  wheels   25 

Table  showing  the  per  cent  loss  of  power  of  the  breast  and  overshot  wheels   26 

Table  sht»wing  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  inward  discharging  turbine  wheel 

per  minute   27 

Tables  showing  the  horse  power  of  the  inward  and  outward  discharging  turbine 

wheels    •  29 

Table  showing  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute  of  the  outward  discharging 

turbine  wheel   30 

Note  A,  showing  the  mode  of  calculating  the  per  cent  loss  of  power,  and  the 

velocity  and  dimensions  of  the  overshot  and  breast  wheel   31 

Note  B,  showing  the  allowance  made  in  calculating  the  power  of  the  turbine  wheel  33 

STEAM  POWER. 

Table  showing  the  horse  power  of  the  plain  cylindrical  boilers  with  one  return  flue.  37 

Table  showing  the  amount  of  anthracite  coal  consumed  per  day  per  horse  power. .  39 
Table  showing  the  number  of  cords  of  southcn  pine  wood  consumed  per  day  per 

horse  power   40 

Table  showing  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  per  hour  that  high  pressure  engines 

require  per  horse  power   41 

Table  showing  the  mean  pressure  of  steam  upon  piston  when  acting  expansively. . .  44 

Table  showing  the  horse  power  of  the  condensing  and  non-condensing  steam  engines  47 

Note  A,  showing  the  probable  per  cent  loss  of  power  by  difl^erent  engines   59 

Note  B,  showing  the  mode  of  ascertaining  the  theoretical  power  from  the  eflfective. .  59 

Note  C,  showing  the  mode  of  reducing  the  velocity  of  the  pistons   60 


viii 


CONTENTS. 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 

PAGE. 


Table  showing  the  cost  of  brick  factories  ;  also,  wheels,  engines,  gearing  and  belting  64 
Table  showing  the  dimensions  of  factories  to  contain  different  number  of  spindles 

with  looms   64 

Table  showing  the  power  required  to  drive  different  number  and  kind  of  spindles 

with  looms   66 

Tables  showing  the  dimensions  of  overshot  and  breast  water  wheels,  to  drive  differ- 
ent number  and  kind  of  spindles   67 

Table  showing  the  required  area  of  all  the  openings  in  the  outward  discharging  tur- 
bine wheel  to  drive  different  number  of  spindles  with  looms   73 

Table  showing  the  required  area  of  all  the  openings  in  the  inward  discharging  tur- 
bine wheel  to  drive  different  number  of  spindles  with  looms   74 

Table  showing  the  attendant  machinery  for  different  number  of  spindles,  and  also 

the  cost  of  the  machinery   76 

Table  containing  the  calculation  of  pnllies   78 

Table  showing  the  number  of  tons  of  anthracite  coal  consumed  per  year,  to  heat 

different  sized  factories   82 

Table  showing  the  dimensions  of  boilers  to  heat  factories  of  different  dimensions. ...  83 
Table  showing  the  number  of  operatives  required  to  operate  different  number  of 

spindles   84 

Table  showing  the  amount  paid  per  week  to  operatives  for  different  number  of 

spindles   85 

Table  showing  the  amount  paid,  including  all  expenses  except  the  cost  of  cotton, 

for  different  number  of  spindles   85 

Table  showing  the  cost  per  pound  for  manufacturing  different  numbers  of  yarn. ...  86 

Table  showing  the  cost  per  yard  for  manufacturing  different  styles  of  4-4  goods. .. .  87 

Table  showing  the  cost  per  yard  for  manufacturing  different  styles  of  |  goods   88 

Table  shuwing  the  cost  per  yard  for  manufacturing  different  styles  of  f  goods   89 

Table  showing  the  usual  number  of  revolutions  of  the  front  roller  on  different  spin- 

•    ning  machines   90 

Table  showing  the  range  of  drafts  and  doublings  which  are  adopted  by  manufac- 
turers   91 

Table  showing  the  number  of  hanks  or  skeins  that  frames  will  turn  off  per  day   91 

Table  showing  the  twist  per  inch  for  filling  and  warp  yarn   92 

Table  showing  the  twist  per  inch  for  roving   93 

Table  showing  the  number  of  yards  a  loom  will  weave  per  day   94 

Table  showing  the  per  cent  waste  of  different  qualities  of  short  staple  cotton   95 

Table  showing  the  number  of  gallons  of  oil  required  for  difTerent  number  of  spindles 

per  day   96 

Table  showing  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  front  roller  of  different  roving 

frames  per  minute   97 

Table  showing  the  usual  production  per  day  of  the  live  spindle  frame   98 

Table  showing  the  usual  production  per  day  of  the  mule   98 

Table  showing  the  usual  production  per  day  of  the  cap,  or  Danforth's  frame   99 

Table  showing  the  usual  production  per  day  of  the  dead  spindle  frame   99 

Table  showing  the  usual  production  per  day  of  the  ring  spindle  frame   ICQ 

Table  showing  the  usual  production  per  day  of  |  looms   ]01 

Table  showing  the  number  of  picks  per  minute  of  different  width  looms   102 

Note  H,  showing  the  cost  per  pound  for  manufacturing,  also  thiB  rate  of  wages  al- 
lowed in  all  the  calculations,  and  number  of  operatives   103 

Note  I,  showing  the  cost  per  yard  for  manufacturing,  and  also  the  rate  of  wages, 

and  number  of  operatives  allowed   105 

Note  P,  showing  the  style  of  the  factory  building   lOS 


CONTENTS.  ix 

BELTING. 

PAGE, 

Table  showing  the  velocity  of  belts   114 

Table  showing  the  width  of  belts  to  transmit  different  number  of  horse  power   115 

Table  showing  the  required  width  of  belts  to  drive  different  kinds  of  spindles   116 

Table  showing  the  width  of  counter  belts  to  drive  different  kinds  of  machinery. .. .  119 

Table  showing  the  width  of  counter  belts  to  drive  large  size  board  planing  machines  122 

Note  E,  showing  an  experiment  on  belting.   123 

CORN  AND  FLOUR  MILLS. 

Table  showing  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  the  inward  discharging  turbine  wheel, 
to  drive  4^  feet  stones,  grinding  corn     128 

Table  showing  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  the  outward  discharging  turbine 
wheel,  to  drive  4^  feet  stones,  grinding  wheat   132 

Table  showing  the  dimensions  of  the  overshot  and  breast  wheel  to  4.j  feet  stones 
grinding  corn  »   134 

CUT-NAIL  MACHINES. 

Tables  showing  the  dimensions  of  the  overshot  and  breast  wheel  to  drive  cut-nail 
machines   139 

FURNACES. 

Table  showing  the  dimensions  of  the  overshot  and  breast  wheels  to  drive  blast,  &c., 
for  furnaces   144 

MISCELLANEOUS  MACHINERY.  # 

Tables  showing  the  actual  and  calculated  power  required  to  drive  large  size  circular 

saws   148 

Table  showing  the  actual  and  calculated  power  required  to  drive  upright  saws   148 

Table  showing  the  actual  and  calculated  power  required  to  drive  planing  machines.  149 
Tables  showing  the  power  required  to  drive  4^  feet  stones  grinding  corn  and  wheat.  149 
Table  showing  the  power  required  to  drive  the  blast,  &c.,  for  furnaces  and  cut-nail 
machines   150 

PADDLE  WHEELS. 

Table  showing  the  number  of  miles  that  boats  move  by  the  wheels   154 

Table  showing  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  wheels  due  to  the  speed  of  the  boat.  155 
Problems  «  ,   161 


0 


EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS  USED  IN  THIS  WORK. 


A  Horse  Power  is  considered  in  all  the  calculations  in  this  work  to 
be  equal  to  33,000  pounds  raised  one  foot  high  per  minute. 

A  Hank  or  Skein  is  equal  to  840  yards. 
^  Co-efficient  of  Discharge  is  that  number  which  must  be  multiplied 
by  the  square  root  of  the  head  to  obtain  the  velocity  of  the  water  when 
it  leaves  the  opening. 


GENERAL  EXPLANATION 

OP  THE  DIFFERENT  TABLES. 


It  will  be  observed  that  there  is  connected  with  each 
table  an  explanation,  showing  the  mode  of  performing  or 
taking  out  a  calculation  ;  there  are  also  examples  given,  to 
show  the  mode  in  detail  of  taking  out  a  calculation.  At  the 
end  of  the  work  there  are  a  large  number  of  Problems  givei^ 
which  refer  to  the  difJerent  tables  to  obtain  elements,  which 
when  combined,  give  the  solution  of  the  Problem ;  the 
design  of  the  following  observations,  is  to  explain  more  fully 
some  of  the  tables. 

The  actual  quantity  of  water  passing  into  a  straight 
canal  in  a  given  time,  the  bottom  of  which  being  level,  and 
the  sides  perpendicular,  will  not  differ  materially  from  that 
found  by  calculation  in  Table  No.  1 ;  but  if  these  three  ele- 
ments are  variable,  the  result  obtained  by  calculation  will 
not  be  so  certain  ;  hence,  the  different  results  which  could 
have  been  obtained  from  this,  and  carried  into  those  Prob- 
lems given  to  illustrate  the  application  of  the  different  tables 
have  been  omitted,  because  it  was  feared  that  there  would 


GENERAL  EXPLANATION 


not  be  a  sufficient  degree  of  accuracy  attending  them,  to 
correspond  with  those  results  which  are  predicated  upon 
mathematical  truths,  which  are  linked  in  the  series  of  the 
different  calculations.  Unless  the  location  is  very  favorable, 
the  results  obtained  by  this  table  can  only  be  considered  as 
an  approximation  to  the  true  result. 

Tables  No.  I  and  2,  show  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of 
water  passing  in  a  stream  per  second  ;  Table  No.  3,  shows 
the  number  of  horse  power  which  this  quantity  of  water  will 
produce  when  applied  to  different  falls  ;  this  quantity  of 
water  may  be  applied  to  the  overshot,  breast,  Parker's,  or 
the  outward  and  inward  discharging  turbine  wheels,  all  of 
which  probably  produce  about  the  same  effect.  It  must  be 
borne  in  mind  that  this  table  shows  the  effective  power  ;  that 
is,  the  usual  per  cent  loss  of  the  foregoing  wheels  has  been 
deducted  from  that  which  is  due  to  the  quantity  of  water 
^plied  to  the  whole  fall. 

Table  No.  5,  shows  the  amount  of  back-water  ;  when 
the  width  of  the  race,  and  the  quantity  of  the  water  dis- 
charged from  the  wheel  per  second  are  known,  as  the  Mill- 
wright always  knows  the  horse  power  of  the  wheel,  he  can 
easily  find  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  that  will  be 
discharged  into  the  wheel  pit  per  second  :  for  instance,  sup- 
pose the  fall  of  a  breast  or  the  diameter  of  an  overshot 
wheel  to  be  72  feet,  and  20  horse  power;  in  order  to  find 
the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  discharged  from  this  wheel 
per  second,  turn  to  Table  No.  3;  find  12  in  the  column 
marked  "  Diameter,"  below  this  number  in  the  table  find 
20,  or  the  nearest  number  to  it,  which  is  19.99 ;  now  oppo- 
site to  this  number  in  the  column  marked    No.  Feet/'  will 


OF  THE  DIFFERENT  TABLES. 


xiii 


be  found  22  cubic  feet ;  hence  it  will  be  seen,  that  it  the  fall 
of  the  breast  or  the  diameter  of  the  overshot  is  known,  and 
also  the  power  of  the  wheel,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of 
water  discharged  can  be  readily  found.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  the  fall  of  the  breast  or  the  diameter  of  the  overshot 
wheel  is  about  3  feet  less  than  the  whole  fall ;  hence  in 
case  the  quantity  of  water  discharged  from  the  turbine  or 
Parker's  wheel  should  be  required,  it  would  be  necessary  to 
deduct  3  feet  from  the  whole  fall  :  for  instance,  suppose  the 
power  of  a  turbine  wheel  to  be  30  horse,  and  the  whole  fall 
to  be  15  feet,  deduct  3  feet,  which  gives  12  feet  effective 
fall — find  12  in  the  column  marked  Diameter,''  in  Table 
No.  3  ;  below  this  number  in  the  table  find  30,  or  the  nearest 
number  to  it,  which  is  29.99 ;  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  "  No.  Feet,"  will  be  found  33  cubic  feet 
discharged  per  second. 

Table  No.  8,  shows  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water 
discharged  per  second  through  gates  under  different  heads ; 
for  instance,  suppose  the  head  to  an  overshot  wheel  to  be  2 
feet  or  24  inches,  the  length  of  the  gate  being  12  feet,  and 
it  is  open  3  inches  ;  now  the  length  of  the  gate,  which  is  12 
feet  or  144  inches,  multiplied  by  3  inches,  gives  432  inches 
— now  find  24  in  the  column  marked  Head,''  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  No  Feet,"  will  be 
found  5.46,  which  multiplied  by  4.32,  gives  23.58  cubic  feet 
discharged  per  second  :  suppose  this  quantity  of  water  to  be 
applied  to  an  overshot  wheel,  16  feet  in  diameter ;  required, 
the  horse  power ;  turn  to  Table  No.  3 — find  23.58,  or  say 
24  in  the  column  marked  ^'No.  Feet,"  opposite  to  this  num- 
ber in  the  table,  and  under  16  in  the  column  marked  "  Di- 


xiv 


GENERAL  EXfLANATiON 


ameter,"  will  be  found  29.08  horse  power.  Again,  requir- 
ed, the  proper  length  of  an  overshot  wheel  to  receive  24 
cubic  feet  of  water  per  second  ;  in  the  previous  statement  it 
was  found,  that  24  cubic  feet  of  water  applied  to  an  overshot 
wheel  16  feet  in  diameter  per  second,  would  produce  29.08 
horse  power  ;  now  turn  to  Table  No.  9 — find  16  in  the  coU 
umn  marked  "  Diameter,' '  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table  find  29.08,  or  the  nearest  number  to  it,  which  is  28. 1^ 
over  this  number  and  in  the  column  marked  Length,"  will 
be  found  9  feet,  the  required  length  of  the  wheel  ;  the  co- 
efficient of  discharge  in  these  calculations  is  5.5. 

Table  No.  9,  shows  the  horse  power  of  the  overshot  and 
breast  wheels,  which  are  calculated  to  run  5  feet  per  second, 
the  depth  of  the  buckets  being  12  inches,  and  the  head  about 
2  feet ;  these  wheels  are  calculated  to  produce  about  66  per 
cent  of  the  whole  power  of  the  site. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  breast  wheel  is  calculated  to 
produce  as  great  effect  as  the  overshot;  there  is  no  doubt 
but  the  breast  wheel,  when  properly  constructed  and  well 
calculated,  can,  and  does  produce  as  great  effect  as  the  over- 
shot. When  those  elements  which  are  involved  in  a  series 
of  calculations  are  considered  in  detail,  they  not  only  show 
that  the  breast  wheel  is  equal  to,  but  more  efficacious  than  the 
overshot ;  they  show  that  the  head  required  to  obtain  the 
relative  velocity,  may  be  some  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  less 
on  the  breast  than  on  the  overshot  wheel. 

In  order  to  fully  illustrate  this  position,  suppose  the 
breast  wheel  to  be  at  rest ;  let  the  top  of  the  buckets  be  just 
in  line  with  the  openings  of  the  gate ;  now,  as  the  buckets 
are  twelve  inches  deep,  the  water  will  fall  twelve  inches 


OF  THE  BIFFERENT  TABLES. 


before  it  arrives  to  the  bottom  of  the  bucket ;  as  the  wheel 
moves  five  feet  per  second,  and  the  buckets  do  not  fill  so 
fast  as  the  wheel  moves,  the  distance  through  which  the 
water  falls  after  it  passes  through  the  gate  will  never  be  less 
than  one  foot ;  now  it  does  not  require  but  two  feet  head  to 
impel  the  water  eight  feet  per  second,  hence  one  foot  head  is 
sufficient  to  give  the  usual  relative  velocity  of  the  water  to 
breast  wheels. 

The  water  in  entering  the  buckets  of  the  overshot  wheel 
changes  its  direction,  and  therefore  the  depth  of  the  bucket 
does  not  much,  if  any,  increase  the  velocity  of  the  water^ 
consequently  one  foot  head  to  the  breast  wheel  accomplishes 
the  same  end  as  two  feet  to  the  overshot.  The  diameter  of 
the  breast  wheel  should  exceed  that  of  an  overshot  about 
three  feet  on  the  same  fall. 

Table  No.  12,  shows  the  effective  power  of  the  outward 
and  inward  discharging  turbine  wheels;  for  instance,  suppose 
the  effective  head  or  the  total  head  when  the  wheel  is  in 
operation  to  be  16  feet,  then  the  horse  power  of  the  outward 
discharging  (if  the  area  of  all  the  openings  were  100  inches) 
would  be  21,  and  the  horse  power  of  the  inward  discharging 
would  be  12.1.  It  must  not  be  understood  that  the  relative 
effect  of  these  wheels  under  the  same  head,  and  discharging 
the  same  quantity  of  water  in  the  same  time,  is  as  21  to  12.1  j 
but  that  the  quantity  of  water  which  these  wheels  discharge 
in  the  same  time  under  a  given  headj  and  having  the  same 
area  of  openings,  is  as  21  to  12.1  ;  this  difference  in  the 
quantity  of  discharge  is  due  to  the  motion  which  the  water 
receives  while  passing  through  the  wheel ;  the  outward  dis- 
charging wheel  receives  the  water  at  the  centre,  which 


XVI 


GENERAL  EXPLANATION 


escapes  at  the  periphery — but  the  inward  discharging  re- 
ceives the  water  at  the  circumference,  which  vents  at  the 
centre  ;  hence  it  will  be  readily  seen,  that  the  centrifugal 
force  which  the  water  receives  while  passing  through  these 
wheels,  acts  with,  and  in  opposition  respectively  to  the  force 
of  discharge  due  to  the  head. 

Table  No.  10,  shows  the  per  cent  loss  of  power  of  a 
stream  when  it  is  transmitted  by  the  overshot  or  breast 
wheel ;  that  is,  if  they  are  calculated  according  to  this  work. 
This  table  shows  that  the  per  cent  loss  of  power  of  an  over- 
shot wheel  9  feet  in  diameter,  or  a  breast  wheel  9  feet  fall, 
is  52  per  cent ;  but  if  the  diameter  or  fall  of  the  wheel  is  30 
feet,  there  will  be  only  23  per  cent  loss ;  hence  a  difference 
of  29  per  cent  in  favor  of  the  latter  wheel :  when  the  diam- 
eter or  fall  of  the  wheel  is  14  feet,  the  loss  is  38  per  cent, 
which  deducted  from  100,  gives  62  per  cent  effective  power, 
which  is  probably  about  the  effective  power  of  Parker's  and 
the  two  turbine  wheels  ;  they  may  exceed  62  per  cent  in 
effect,  but  suppose  they  do  not,  then  it  would  appear  that 
these  wheels  produce  greater  effect  from  a  given  quantity  of 
water  than  the  overshot  wheel  14  feet  in  diameter  on  the 
same  fall :  an  overshot  wheel  14  feet  in  diameter  requires  a 
fall  of  about  17  feet,  hence  these  wheels  are  more  efficacious 
on  a  fall  of  17  feet  than  the  breast  or  overshot. 

In  the  present  instance  the  overshot  and  breast  wheels 
are  calculated  to  produce  a  maximum  effect ;  but  there  are 
many  overshot  and  breast  wheels  in  operation  whose  velocity 
much  exceeds  five  feet  per  second,  having  more  than  two 
feet  head,  and  the  depth  of  the  bucket  much  exceeding  12 
inches ;  hence  the  loss  power  in  such  cases,  will  exceed  the 


OF  THE  DIFFERENT  TABLES. 


xvii 


amount  represented  in  Table  No.  10,  in  proportion  as  those 
elements  differ  from  those  represented  in  Note  A  ;  hence  the 
cause  of  these  wheels  frequently  being  more  efficacious  on 
falls  of  22  to  24  feet. 

The  power  should  be  taken  from  the  overshot  and  breast 
wheels  on  the  side  to  which  the  water  is  applied,  then  the 
journals  of  the  wheel  will  sustain  the  weight  of  the  wheel, 
and  the  weight  of  the  water  on  the  wheel  ;  but  if  the  power 
is  taken  from  the  opposite  side  to  which  the  water  is  applied, 
then  the  journals  of  the  wheel  will  sustain  the  weight  of  the 
water  on  the  wheel,  and  the  resistance  of  the  power  which 
is  nearly  or  quite  equal  to  the  weight  of  the  water  ;  hence 
in  this  case  the  journals  of  the  wheel  sustain  the  weight  of 
the  wheel,  and  nearly  twice  the  weight  of  the  water,  because 
the  journals  are  as  it  were  a  fulcrum  sustaining  the  weight 
and  power. 

Table  No.  5,  Steam  Power,  shows  the  horse  power  of  the 
condensing  and  non-condensing  engines ;  there  are  three  va- 
riable elements  in  the  problem  of  calculating  the  power  of 
an  engine  ;  to  wit,  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder,  the  velocity 
of  the  piston,  and  the  effective  pressure  of  the  steam  upon 
the  piston  ;  as  only  two  can  be  represented  in  the  table,  one 
of  the  three  must  be  omitted,  or  considered  a  constant  num- 
ber :  in  this  table  the  velocity  of  the  piston  is  constant, 
which  is  calculated  to  move  100  feet  per  minute  ;  hence  if 
the  piston  move  300  feet,  the  power  of  the  engine  will  be  in- 
creased three-fold,  or  the  number  found  in  the  table  due  to 
100  feet  must  be  multiplied  by  3.  The  probable  per  cent 
loss  of  different  engines  is  given,  to  show  the  mode  of  ascer- 
taining the  required  diameter  of  the  cylinder  to  drive  the 


Xviii  GENERAL  EXPLANATION 

different  kind  of  machinery  represented  in  the  different 
problems  :  it  is  optional  with  the  engineer  in  making  his  cal- 
culations what  per  cent  loss  to  allow. 

Table  No.  3,  Manufacturing,  shows  the  calculated  and 
actual  power  required  to  drive  different  number  and  kind  of 
spindles  with  looms  ;  the  actual  power  required,  was  obtain- 
ed by  noting  the  number  and  kind  of  spindles  in  operation  in 
several  factories  which  were  driven  by  overshot  wheels, 
having  about  two  feet  head,  and  running  about  five  feet  per 
second,  whose  power  was  calculated  and  carefully  compared 
with  the  amount  of  the  power  of  the  wheels  used :  by  this 
means  an  approximation  to  the  actual  power  required  was 
obtained ;  the  calculated  power,  or  the  power  of  the  wheel, 
exceeds  the  actual  power  about  25  per  cent.  On  account  of 
there  being  so  many  variable  elements  brought  into  action 
in  a  series  of  calculations  showing  the  power  required  to 
drive  a  given  amount  of  machinery,  there  has  an  opin- 
ion arisen  among  mechanics,  that  it  is  quite  impossible  to 
arrive  at  any  definite  conclusions  as  regards  the  amount  of 
power  required  to  drive  a  given  amount  of  any  kind,  more 
especially  cotton  machinery ;  now  it  is  quite  evident  that 
the  average  power  required  to  drive  the  machinery  in  two 
factories,  each  containing  the  same  amount  and  kind  of  ma- 
chinery, and  turning  off  the  same  amount  of  work  in  the 
same  time,  will  not  differ  materially ;  still  there  may  be  a 
great  difference  in  the  amount  of  water  which  two  such  fac- 
tories situated  on  the  same  fall  would  require,  which  differ- 
ence however  arises  from  the  mode  of  transmitting  the 
power  (which  is  due  to  the  gravitation  of  the  water)  to  the 
machinery.    It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  overshot  and  breast 


OF  THE  DIFFERENT  TABLES. 


xix 


wheels  (more  particularly  the  breast  wheel)  working  under 
a  head  of  four  or  five  feet,  the  velocity  of  the  wheels  being 
sonae  seven  or  eight  feet  per  second,  the  depth  of  the  bucket 
some  16  inches,  and  the  whole  head  and  fall  not  exceeding  16 
feet :  in  such  cases  theory  shows,  and  observations  and  ex- 
periments confirm,  that  there  is  not  50  per  cent  of  the  power 
of  the  site  transmitted  to  the  machinery ;  hence  the  differ- 
ence in  the  quantity  of  water  or  power  used  is  due  to  the 
mode  of  transmitting  it :  such  palpable  errors  as  the  forego- 
ing are  often  overlooked,  and  the  difference  in  the  amount  of 
power  or  quantity  of  water  expended,  has  been  too  often 
attributed  to  the  mode  of  arranging  the  shafting,  and  the 
workmanship  and  condition  of  the  machinery.  It  is  quite 
evident  that  the  difference  in  the  amount  of  power  required 
to  drive  the  shafting,  arising  from  its  mode  of  arrangement, 
when  compared  with  the  power  required  to  drive  the  whole 
machinery,  is  inconsiderable;  hence  this  element  may  in  the 
ordinary  calculations  be  omitted.  In  this  table  the  No.  of 
the  yarn,  the  amount  and  kind  of  the  machinery,  and  the 
production,  have  been  considered.  It  may  be  proper  to  re- 
mark that  the  power  required  to  drive  the  same  machinery 
will  vary  in  a  certain  ratio  with  the  amount  which  it  turns 
off ;  the  difference  in  the  amount  which  the  same  kind  of  ma- 
chinery produces  is  not  material,  but  the  calculations  are 
such  as  to  correspond  with  the  greatest  production  of  the 
different  kind  of  machinery. 

The  filling  is  calculated  to  be  spun  on  the  Cap  or  Dan- 
forth,  the  ring  and  dead  spindle  frames  in  these  calculations. 

The  dead  and  ring  spindle  frames  turn  off  about  25  per 
cent  more  than  the  mule  when  spinning  filling  ;  as  filling  is 


XX 


GENERAL  EXPLANATION 


about  half  of  the  whole  production  of  the  factory  ;  the  in- 
creased production  when  the  filling  is  spun  on  the  frame, 
above  the  amount  when  the  filling  is  spun  on  the  mule,  will 
be  about  12  per  cent,  hence  there  will  be  about  12  per  cent 
more  attendant  machinery :  now  the  attendant  machinery  for 
a  given  number  of  spindles,  including  looms,  will  require 
about  two  thirds  of  the  whole  power ;  hence  the  increased 
power  due  by  direct  proportion  is  about  8  per  cent ;  it  will 
be  safe  to  allow  7  per  cent.  The  power  required  to  spin  a 
given  amount  of  filling  on  a  frame  will  exceed  the  power  re- 
quired to  spin  the  same  on  the  mule  about  25  per  cent ; 
since  the  spinning  requires  one  third  of  the  whole  power,  or 
per  cent,  half  of  the  spinning  will  require  about  16  per 
cent ;  one  fourth  of  16  per  cent  is  4  per  cent,  hence  the 
whole  difference  is  about  11  per  cent,  which  agrees  with  the 
amount  allowed  in  the  table :  in  the  same  manner  the 
amount  of  power  required  to  drive  the  different  number  and 
kind  of  spindles  was  found. 

The  Tables  ranging  from  No.  4  to  9  show  the  length  of 
the  overshot  and  breast  wheels  required  to  drive  different 
number  and  kind  of  spindles  on  different  numbers  of  yarn — 
the  column  marked  ^'Fall,"  shows  the  fall  of  the  breast 
wheel,  or  the  diameter  of  the  overshot,  both  of  which  are  cal- 
culated to  have  about  2  feet  head,  the  depth  of  the  bucket 
being  about  12  inches,  and  the  velocity  of  the  wheel  about 
5  feet  per  second  ;  this  table  shows  the  length  of  the  bucket 
in  the  wheel.  It  will  be  noticed  that  when  the  diameter  of 
the  overshot  or  the  fall  of  the  breast  wheel  is  12  feet,  the 
length  will  be  72  feet  to  drive  10,000  mule  and  frame  spin- 
dles on  No.  10  to  25  yarn ;  now  72  feet  may  be  divided  into 


OF  THE  DIFFERENT  TABLES. 


any  convenient  length,  say  12  feet,  which  will  give  6  wheelS;^ 
or  18  feet,  which  will  give  4  wheels. 

Table  No.  12,  shows  the  attendant  machinery  required  for 
different  number  and  kind  of  spindles  on  different  numbers  of 
yarn ;  it  will  be  noticed  that  on  No.  5  to  10  yarn,  the  fine 
speeder  spindles  are  omitted,  as  they  are  seldom  if  ever  used 
on  such  coarse  work  ;  many  manufacturers  prefer  the  non- 
twisting  speeder:  the  number  of  spindles  can  be  found  by 
dividing  the  number  of  speeder  spindles  found  in  the  table 
by  2.5. — Example,  for  1000  spindles  on  No.  16  yarn,  50 
fine  speeder  spindles  are  required,  which  divided  by  2.5, 
gives  20  non-twisting  speeder  spindles ;  if  the  fly  frame  is 
preferred,  multiply  the  number  of  speeder  spindles  found  in 
the  table  by  2,  the  result  will  give  the  number  of  fly  frame 
spindles  ;  this  ratio  appears  to  be  too  great,  but  it  agrees 
well  in  practice.  It  will  be  noticed  that  this  table  is  calcu- 
lated for  mules  and  frames ;  if  the  filling  is  spun  on  the  ring 
or  dead  spindle  frame,  add  about  12  per  cent  to  the  attendant 
machinery ;  if  the  filling  and  warp  is  spun  on  the  Danforth 
frame,  add  40  per  cent  to  to  the  attendant  machinery.  The 
number  of  yarn  ranges  from  5  to  10,  10  to  20,  &;c.,  but  the 
calculations  were  made  for  No.  8,  No.  16,  No.  24,  and  No. 
35  yarn. 

Table  No.  13,  Manufacturing,  shows  the  number  of  re- 
volutions of  a  driven  shaft  per  minute,  when  it  is  driven  by 
different  sized  pulleys ;  over  each  table  will  be  found  the 
number  of  turns  per  minute  which  the  driving  shaft  is  calcu- 
lated to  run  ;  if  the  line  shaft  makes  100  turns  per  minutCj 
and  the  driving  pulley  on  the  same  is  10  inches  in  diameter, 
then  if  the  diameter  of  the  pulley  on  the  shaft  to  be  driven 


xxii 


GENERAL  EXPLANATION 


by  this  is  10  inches  it  will  make  100  turns,  if  it  is  12  inches, 
14,  16,  18,  20,  22,  or  24,  it  will  respectively  make  83,  71, 
62,  56,  50,  45,  and  42  turns  per  minute,  which  will  be  seen 
by  examining  the  table  ;  if  the  pulley  on  the  driven  shaft  is 
10  inches  in  diameter,  and  the  pulley  on  the  driving  should 
be  10,  12,  14,  ]6,  18,  20,  22,  or  24  inches,  the  driven  shaft 
would  respectively  make  100,  120,  140,  160,  180,  200,  220, 
and  240  turns  per  minute  ;  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  calcu- 
lations are  made  for  the  driving  shaft  to  run  from  96  to  124 
turns  per  minute  ;  now  suppose  a  shaft  was  running  240 
turns  per  minute,  and  it  was  driven  by  a  pulley  24  inches  in 
diameter,  what  must  be  the  diameter  of  a  pulley  to  drive  the 
shaft  say  180  turns  ?— find  240  in  the  table  marked  "  100 
Revolutions,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked 

Driving  Pulleys,"  will  be  found  24  inches,  which  is  the 
driving  pulley  ;  above  240  will  be  found  180  turns;  opposite 
to  this  number,  in  the  column  marked  Driving  Pulleys," 
will  be  found  18  inches,  the  diameter  of  the  pulley  required; 
again,  suppose  the  driven  pulley  on  this  shaft,  which  is  cal- 
culated to  run  240  turns,  is  10  inches,  what  must  be  the  di- 
ameter of  this  pulley  to  drive  the  shaft  100  turns  ? — opposite 
to  240  find  100,  over  this  number,  in  the  column  marked 

Driven  Pulleys,"  will  be  found  24  inches ;  it  will  be 
noticed  that  the  ratio  of  variation  in  the  diameter  of  the  pul- 
leys is  2  inches  ;  if  it  is  desirable  not  to  alter  the  revolutions 
only  the  number  due  to  one  inch,  take  half  the  difference 
which  2  inches  makes :  for  instance,  suppose  the  driven 
shaft  makes  100  turns  per  minute,  what  must  be  the  diam- 
eter of  the  driven  pulley  to  drive  it  110  turns  per  minute  ? — 
it  will  be  noticed  that  a  10  inch  pulley  drives  it  100  turns, 


OF  TflE  DIFFERENT  TABLES.  ,  ? 

and  a  12  inch  pulley  drives  it  120  turns  per  minute  ;^henef 
it  will  require  a  pulley  11  inches  in  diameter.  /i  | 

Table  No.  2,  Belting,  shows  the  required  width  pf'^he\i0 
to  transmit  different  number  of  horse  power — the  coliimnr^at 
the  top  of  the  table  shows  the  diameter  of  the  smallest  drum, 
which  must  always  regulate  the  width  of  the  belt. 

There  are  five  elements  involved  in  the  problem  of  cal- 
culating the  power  which  a  belt  is  capable  of  transmitting ; 
to  wit,  the  angle  of  the  belt,  the  diameter  of  the  smallest 
drum,  and  the  distance  between  their  centres,  the  velocity 
and  width  of  the  belt.  In  ordinary  calculations  the  angle  of 
the  belt  may  be  neglected — as  this  element  is  inconsiderable 
when  compared  to  the  whole  power  of  the  belt — and  also  the 
distance  between  the  centre  of  the  drums,  when  it  exceeds 
15  or  20  feet :  hence,  the  only  variable  elements  involved  in 
the  problem  are  the  width  and  velocity  of  the  belt,  and  the 
diameter  of  the  smallest  drum ;  as  only  two  variable  ele- 
ments can  be  represented  in  the  table,  the  velocity  of  the 
belt  must  be  considered  constant,  which  is  calculated  to 
move  1500  feet  per  minute ;  the  power  of  a  belt  increases  in 
a  certain  ratio  with  its  velocity ;  hence,  the  calculations  in 
this  table  will  be  applicable  to  all  belts  whose  velocity  ex- 
ceeds 1500  feet,  leaving  a  surplus  power  in  the  belt,  corres- 
ponding with  the  ratio  due  to  the  increased  velocity  of  the 
belt  over  and  above  1500  feet  per  minute.  It  is  found,  by  a 
great  number  of  observations,  that  the  proper  velocity  of 
large  belts  is  about  2000  feet  per  minute. 


Ii>RRATA. 


Page  19,  Example  Second,  for  20,  read  50  cubic  feet. 


24, 

« 

it 

10,  « 

20. 

39, 

f( 

4210  " 

4200  pounds. 

68, 

First, 

16,  " 

17.2  feet. 

(( 

77, 

(( 

t< 

centre  " 

counter. 

94, 

Second 

(( 

31, 

30  yards. 

102, 

t( 

112,  " 

104  picks. 

168,  Problem  No.  24, 

(< 

water  " 

wheel. 

WATER  POWER. 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


WATER  POWER. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of 
water  passing  in  streams  per  second.  The  column  marked 
Velocity"  shows  the  number  of  inches  that  a  block  of  wood, 
or  any  floating  body,  thrown  into  the  middle  of  a  stream, 
passes  over  per  second  ;  the  column  marked  "  No.  of  Feet'' 
shows  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  in  the 
stream  per  second ;  the  column  marked  "  Area"  shows 
the  area  of  the  stream,  which  is  one  foot — the  quantity  of 
water  passing  in  a  stream  varies  as  the  area  of  the  stream — 
hence  if  the  area  of  a  stream  is  multiplied  by  the  number 
of  cubic  feet  of  water  found  in  the  table  due  to  one  foot,  the 
result  will  give  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  due  to 
that  area. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  in  a 
stream  per  second — the  width  of  the  stream  being  20  feet, 
the  depth  of  the  stream  being  2  feet  (which  multiplied  by  20 
gives  40  feet  as  the  area  of  the  stream),  and  the  velocity  of  a 
floating  body  thrown  into  the  middle  of  the  stream  being  24 
inches  per  second — find  24  in  the  column  marked  "  Veloci- 
ty opposite  to  this  number,  in  the  column  marked  "No.  of 
Feet,"  will  be  found  1.63,  which  multiplied  by  40  (the  area 
of  the  stream)  gives  65.2  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  in  the 
stream  per  second. — Answer, 


12 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


No.  1. 


Velocity. 

No.  of  Feet 

Area. 

Velocity. 

No.  of  Feet. 

Area. 

8 

.47 

42 

O  HA 

10 

.61 

44 

OIK 
O.IO 

12 

,75 

46 

O  O  1 

0.31 

14 

.89 

48 

•J   /<  CJ 

o.4o 

16 

1.04 

oU 

O 

18 

1.18 

52 

3.76 

OA 

1.33 

54 

o  no 

3  yj 

22 

1.48 

00 

/(  AO 

1.63 

ro 
i)0 

4.24 

26 

1.78 

60 

4.39 

28 

1.93 

62 

4.55 

30 

2.08 

64 

4.70 

32 

2.24 

66 

4.86 

34 

2.38 

68 

5.02 

36 

2.54 

70 

5.17 

38 

2.69 

72 

5.33 

40 

2.84 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of 
water  passing  over  dams  per  second,  the  water  on  the  dam 
being  any  depth  from  1  to  60  inches,  the  length  of  the  dam 
being  1  foot.  The  quantity  of  water  passing  over  dams  va- 
ries as  the  length — hence  if  any  length  is  multiplied  by  the 
number  of  cubic  feet  found  in  the  table  due  to  1  foot,  the 
result  will  give  the  number  of  cubic  feet  due  to  that  length. 
The  depth  of  the  water  on  platform  dams  with  the  ordinary 
inclination  should  be  taken  at  the  lowest  point,  or  where  the 
water  leaves  the  dam.  The  column  marked  "  Depth'*  shows 
the  depth  of  the  water  on  the  dam — the  column  marked 
"Length"  shows  the  length  of  the  dam,  which  is  one  foot. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  over 
a  dam  per  second,  the  depth  of  the  water  on  the  dam  being  16 
inches,  and  the  length  of  the  dam  being  40  feet — find  16  in 
the  column  marked  "Depth;"  opposite  to  this  number,  in 
the  column  marked  "  No.  of  Feet,"  will  be  found  5.24  cubic 
feet,  which  multiplied  by  40  feet  (the  length  of  the  dam) 


WATER  POWER. 


13 


gives  209.6  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  over  the  dam  per 
second . — Ansiver. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  over 
a  dam  per  second,  the  depth  of  the  water  on  the  dam  being  3 
inches,  and  the  length  of  the  dam  being  80  feet — find  3  in 
the  column  marked  "  Depth opposite  to  this  number,  in 
the  column  marked  "No.  of  Feet,"  will  be  found  .42,  which 
multiplied  by  80  gives  33.6  cubic  feet  passing  over  the  dam 
per  second. — Answer. 


No.  2. 


Depth. 

Length. 

No.  of  Feet. 

Depth. 

Leugth. 

No.  of  Feet. 

1 

1 

.08 

31 

1 

14.11 

2 

1 

.23 

32 

1 

14.81 

3 

1 

.42 

33 

1 

15.51 

4 

1 

.66 

34 

1 

16.23 

5 

.92 

35 

19.91 

1.20 

36 

17.67 

7 

L51 

37 

18.43 

8 

1.85 

38 

19.18 

9 

2.21 

39 

19.93 

10 

2.57 

40 

20.71 

-.11 

2.99 

41 

21.41 

12 

3.40 

42 

22.29 

13 

3.83 

43 

23.06 

14 

4.28 

44 

23.88 

15 

4.75 

45 

24.68 

16 

5.24 

46 

25.53 

17 

5.72 

47 

26.36 

18 

6.24 

48 

27.10 

19 

6.79 

49 

28.00 

20 

7.32 

50 

28.97 

21 

7.88 

51 

29.81 

22 

8.44 

52 

30.62 

23 

9.04 

53 

31.56 

24 

9.60 

54 

32.45 

25 

10.22 

55 

33.26 

26 

10.84 

56 

34.26 

27 

11.47 

57 

34.95 

28 

12.01 

58 

36.00 

29 

12.77 

59 

36.95 

30 

13.43 

60 

37.80 

14 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


The  following  table  shows  the  horse  power  that  different 
number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second  will  produce,  when 
applied  to  overshot  wheels  of  different  dianaeter,  or  to  breast 
wheels  of  different  falls — the  column  marked  "No.  of  Feet," 
shows  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  to  be  applied  to  the 
wheel  per  second,  the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  shows 
the  diameter  of  the  overshot  wheel,  or  the  fall  of  the  breast 
wheel. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  horse  power  that  20  cubic  feet 
of  water  per  second  would  produce,  if  applied  to  an  overshot 
wheel  12  feet  in  diameter — find  20  in  the  column  marked 
"  No.  of  Feet,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  12  in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  will  be  found 
18.18  horse  power. — Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  horse  power  that  30  cubic  feet  of  water 
per  second  would  produce,  if  applied  to  a  breast  wheel,  the 
fall  being  15  feet — find  80  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  of 
Feet,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  15  in 
the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  will  be  found  34.08  horse 
power. — Answe7\ 

Hence,  if  the  horse  power  of  the  wheel  is  known,  (the 
overshot,  breast  and  turbine,)  and  also  the  head  or  fall,  the 
number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  discharged  from  the  wheel 
into  the  pit  per  second  can  be  found.  Suppose  the  fall  to  be 
15  feet — then  find  15  in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter," 
under  this  number  in  the  table  find  the  horse  power  of  the 
wheel — opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  No, 
of  Feet,"  will  be  found  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water 
discharged  into  the  wheel  pit  per  second, 


WATER  POWER. 


15 


No.  3. 


of  Ft. 

DIAMETER. 

6 

;z; 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

6 

2.72 

3.18 

3.63 

4.04 

4.51 

4.99 

5.45 

5.90 

7 

3.18 

3.71 

4.24 

4-72 

5.27 

5  83 

6.36 

6.88 

8 

3  63 

4.24 

4.84 

5.44 

6.03 

6.66 

7.27 

7.87 

9 

4  08 

4.77 

5.45 

6.12 

6.79 

7.49 

8.18 

8.85 

10 

4.54 

5.30 

6.06 

6.81 

7.55 

8.33 

9.09 

9.84 

11 

4.99 

5.83 

6.66 

7.49 

8.30 

9.16 

9.99 

10.82 

12 

5.45 

6.36 

7.27 

8.17 

9.06 

9.99 

10.90 

11.80 

13 

5.90 

6.89 

7.87 

8.85 

9.81 

10  82 

11.81 

12.79 

14 

6.35 

7.42 

8.48 

9.53 

10.57 

11.66 

12.72 

13.77 

15 

6.81 

7.95 

9.09 

10.21 

11.32 

12.49 

13.63 

14.76 

16 

7.26 

8.48 

9.69 

10.89 

12  08 

13.32 

14.54 

15.14 

17 

7.72 

9  01 

10.30 

11.57 

12.83 

14.16 

15  45 

16.72 

18 

8.17 

9.54 

10  90 

12.25 

13.59 

14.99 

1636 

17.71 

19 

8.62 

10.07 

11.51 

12.93 

14.34 

15.82 

17.27 

18.69 

20 

9.08 

10.60 

12.12 

13.62 

15.10 

16.66 

18.18 

19.68 

21 

9.53 

11  13 

12.72 

14  30 

15.85 

17.49 

19.08 

20.66 

22 

9.99 

11.66 

13.33 

14.98 

16.61 

18.32 

19.99 

21.64 

23 

10.44 

12.19 

13.93 

15.66 

17.36 

19.15 

20.90 

22.63 

24 

10.89 

12.72 

14.54 

16.34 

18.12 

19.99 

21.81 

23.61 

25 

11.35 

13.25 

15.15 

17.02 

18.87 

20.82 

22.72 

24.60 

26 

11.80 

13.78 

15.75 

17.70 

19  63 

21.65 

23.63 

25.58 

27 

12.26 

14.31 

16.36 

18.38 

20.38 

22.49 

24.54 

26.56 

28 

12.71 

14.84 

16.96 

19.06 

21.14 

23.32 

25.45 

27.55 

29 

13.16 

1537 

17.57 

19.74 

21.89 

24.15 

26.36 

28.53 

30 

13.62 

15  90 

18.18 

20.43 

22. 65 

24.99 

27.27 

29.52 

3J 

14.07 

16.43 

18.78 

21.11 

23.40 

25.82 

28.17 

30.50 

32 

14.53 

16.96 

19.39 

21.79 

24.16 

26.65 

29.08 

31.48 

33 

14.98 

17.49 

19.99 

22.47 

24.91 

27.48 

29.99 

32.47 

34 

15  44 

18.02 

20.60 

23.15 

25.67 

28.32 

30.90 

33.45 

35 

15.90 

18.55 

21  21 

23.83 

26.42 

29.15 

31.81 

34.44 

36 

16.34 

19.08 

21.81 

24.51 

27.18 

29.98 

32.72 

3542 

37 

16.79 

19.61 

22.42 

25.19 

27.93 

30.82 

33.63 

36.40 

38 

17.25 

20.14 

23.02 

25.87 

28.69 

31.65 

34.54 

37.39 

39 

17.70 

20  67 

23.63 

26.55 

29.44 

32.48 

35.45 

38.37 

40 

18.16 

21.20 

24.24 

27.24 

30.20 

33.32 

36.36 

39.36 

41 

18.61 

21.73 

24.84 

27.92 

30.95 

34.15 

37.26 

40.34 

42 

19.06 

22.26 

25.45 

28.60 

31.71 

3498 

38.17 

41.32 

43 

19  52 

22.79 

26.05 

23.28 

32  46 

35.81 

39.08 

42.31 

44 

1997 

23.32 

26  66 

29.96 

33.22 

36.65 

39.99 

43.29 

45 

20  43 

23.85 

27.27 

30.64 

33  97 

37.48 

40.90 

44  28 

46 

20-88 

24.38 

27.87 

31.32 

34.73 

38.31 

41.81 

45.26 

47 

21.33 

24.91 

28.48 

32.00 

35.48 

39.15 

42.72 

46.24 

48 

21.79 

25.44 

29.08 

32.68 

36.24 

39.98 

43.63 

47.23 

49 

22.24 

25.97 

29.69 

33.36 

36.99 

40.81 

44.54 

48.21 

50 

22.70 

26.50 

30.30 

34  05 

37.75 

41.65 

45.45 

1  49.20 

16  MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 

]Vo.  3. — Continued. 


£  I 

««-•  1 

O  I 

DIAMETER. 

o  i 
5z  ' 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

6 

6.36 

6.81 

7.26 

7.72 

8.18 

8.54 

9.09 

9.55 

7 

7.42 

7.97 

8.47 

9.01 

9.54 

10.08 

10.61 

11.14 

8 

8.48 

9.09 

9.68 

10.30 

10.91 

11.52 

12.12 

12.73 

9 

9.54 

10.22 

10.90 

11.59 

12.27 

12.9a 

13.64 

14.32 

10 

10.60 

11.36 

12.12 

12.88 

13.64 

14.40 

15.16 

15  92 

11 

11.66 

12.49 

13.^3 

14.16 

15.00 

15.84 

16.67 

17.51 

V2 

12.72 

13.63 

14  54 

15.45 

16.36 

17.28 

18.19 

19.10 

13 

13.78 

14.76 

15.75 

16.74 

17.73 

18.72 

19.70 

20  69 

14 

14.84 

15.90 

16  96 

18.03 

19.09 

20.16 

21.22 

22,28 

15 

15.90 

J  7.04 

18.18 

19.32 

20.46 

21  60 

22.74 

23.88 

16 

16.96 

18.17 

19.39 

20.60 

21.82 

23.04 

24.25 

25.47 

17 

18.02 

19.31 

20.60 

21.89 

23.18 

24  48 

25.77 

27.06 

18 

19.08 

20.44 

21.81 

23.18 

24.55 

25.92 

27.28 

28.65 

19 

20.14 

21.58 

23.02 

24.47 

25.91 

27.36 

28.80 

30.24 

20 

21.20 

22.72 

24.24 

25.76 

27.28 

28.80 

30.32 

31.84 

21 

22.26 

23.85 

25  45 

27.04 

28.64 

30.24 

31.83 

33.43 

22 

23.32 

24.99 

26.66 

28.33 

30.00 

31.68 

33.35 

35.02 

23 

24.38 

26.12 

27.87 

29.62 

31.37 

33.12 

34.86 

36.61 

24 

25.44 

27.26 

29.08 

30.91 

32  73 

34.56 

36.38 

38.20 

25 

26.50 

28.40 

30.30 

32.20 

34.10 

36.00 

37.90 

39  80 

26 

27.56 

29.53 

31.51 

33.48 

3546 

37.44 

39.41 

41.39 

27 

28.62 

30.67 

32.72 

34.77 

36.82 

38.88 

40.93 

42.98 

28 

29.68 

31.80 

33.93 

36.06 

38.19 

40.32 

42.44 

44.57 

29 

30.74 

32.94 

35.14 

37.35 

39.55 

41.76 

43.96 

46.16 

30 

31.80 

34.08 

36.36 

38.64 

40.92 

43  20 

45.48 

47.76 

31 

32.86 

35.21 

37.57 

39.92 

42.28 

44.64 

46.99 

49.35 

32 

33.92 

36.35 

38.78 

41.21 

43.64 

46.08 

48.51 

50.94 

33 

34.98 

37.48 

39.99 

42.50 

45.01 

47.52 

50.02 

52  53 

34 

36.04 

38.62 

41.20 

43. 79 

46  37 

48.96 

51.54 

54.12 

35 

37.10 

39.76 

42.42 

45.08 

47.74 

50.40 

53.06 

55  72 

36 

38.16 

40.89 

43.63 

46.36 

49.10 

51.84 

5457 

57.31 

37 

39.22 

42.03 

44.84 

47.65 

50.46 

53.28 

56.09 

58.90 

38 

40.28 

43  16 

46.05 

48.94 

51.83 

54.72 

57.60 

60.49 

39 

41.34 

44.30 

47.26 

50.23 

53.19 

56.16 

59.12 

62.08 

40 

42.40 

45.44 

48.48 

51.52 

54.56 

57.60 

60.64 

63.68 

41 

43.46 

46.57 

49  69 

52.80 

55.92 

59  04 

62.15 

65.27 

42 

,  44  52 

47.71 

50.90 

54  09 

57.28 

60.48 

63  67 

66.86 

43 

^45.58 

48.84 

52.11 

5538 

58.65 

61.92 

65.18 

68,45 

44 

46.64 

49.98 

53.32 

56.67 

60.01 

63.36 

66.70 

70.04 

45 

47.70 

51.12 

54-54 

57. 96 

61.38 

64.80 

68.22 

71.64 

46 

48.76 

52.25 

55  75 

59.24 

62.74 

66  24 

69.73 

73  23 

47 

49,82 

53.39 

56.96 

60.53 

64.10 

67.68 

71.25 

74.82 

48 

50.88 

54.52 

58.17 

61.82 

65.47 

69.12 

72  76 

76.41 

49 

51.94 

55  66 

59.38 

63.11 

66.83 

70  56 

74.28 

78.00 

50 

53.00 

56.80 

60.60 

64.40 

68.20 

72.00 

75-80 

79.60 

WATER  POWER. 
]Vo.  S*— Continued. 


17 


DIAMETER. 


22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

10.00 

10.46 

10.92 

11.37 



11.83 

12.28 

12.74 

13.20 

13.65 

11.67 

12.20 

12.74 

13.27 

13.80 

14.33 

14.86 

15.40 

15.93 

13.34 

13.95 

14.56 

15.16 

15.77 

16.38 

16  99 

17.60 

18.20 

15.01 

15.69 

16.38 

17.06 

17.74 

18.43 

19.11 

19.80 

20.48 

16.68 

17.44 

18.20 

18.96 

19.72 

20.48 

21.24 

22.00 

22.76 

18.34 

19.18 

20.02 

20.85 

21.69 

22.52 

23.36 

24.20 

25.03 

20.01 

20.92 

21  84 

22.75 

23.66 

24  57 

25.48 

26.40 

27.31 

21.68 

22.67 

23.66 

24  64 

25.63 

26.62 

27.61 

28.60 

29.58 

23.35 

24.41 

25.48 

26.54 

27.60 

28.67 

29.73 

30.80 

31.86 

25.02 

26.16 

27.30 

28.44 

29  58 

30.72 

31.86 

33.00 

34.14 

26.68 

27.90 

29.12 

30.33 

31.55 

32.76 

33.98 

35.20 

36.41 

28.35 

29.64 

30.94 

32.33 

33.52 

34.81 

36.10 

37.40 

38.69 

30.02 

31  39 

32.76 

34.12 

3549 

36  86 

38.23 

39.60 

40.96 

31.69 

33.13 

34.58 

36.02 

37.46 

38.91 

40.35 

41.80 

43.24 

33.36 

34.88 

36.40 

37.92 

39.44 

40  96 

42,48 

44.00 

45.52 

35  02 

36.62 

38.22 

39.81 

41  41 

43.00 

44.60 

46.20 

47.79 

36.69 

38.36 

40.04 

41.71 

43.38 

45.05 

46.72 

48.40 

50.07 

38  36 

40.11 

41.86 

43,63 

45.35 

47.10 

48  85 

50.60 

52.34 

40.03 

41.85 

43.68 

45.50 

47  32 

49.15 

50.97 

52.80 

54.62 

41.70 

43.60 

45.50 

47.40 

49.30 

51  20 

53.10 

55.00 

56.90 

43  36 

45.34 

47.32 

49.29 

51.27 

53.24 

55  22 

57.20 

59.17 

45  03 

47.08 

49.14 

51.19 

53  24 

55.29 

57.34 

59.40 

61.45 

46.70 

48.83 

50.96 

53,08 

55.21 

57.34 

59.47 

61.60 

63.72 

48.37 

50.57 

52.78 

54  98 

57.18 

59  39 

61.59 

63.80 

66.00 

50.04 

52  32 

54.60 

56.88 

59.16 

61.44 

63.72 

66.00 

68.28 

51  70 

54.06 

56  42 

58.77 

61.13 

63.48 

65.84 

68.20 

70.55 

53.37 

55  80 

58.24 

60.67 

63.10 

65  53 

67.96 

70.40 

72.83 

55.04 

57.55 

60.06 

62.56 

65.07 

67.58 

70.09 

72.60 

75.10 

56.71 

59.29 

61.88 

64.46 

67.04 

69.63 

72.21 

74.80 

77.38 

58.38 

61.04 

63  70 

66  36 

69.02 

71.68 

74.34 

77.00 

79.66 

60.04 

62.78 

65.52 

68  25 

70  99 

73.72 

76.46 

79.20 

81.93 

61.71 

64.52 

67.34 

70.15 

72.96 

75.77 

78.58 

81.40 

84.21 

63  38 

66,27 

69.16 

72.0# 

74.93 

77.82 

80.71 

83.60 

86.48 

65.05 

68.01 

70.98 

73.94 

76  90 

79.87 

82.83 

85.80 

88.76 

66.72 

69.76 

72.80 

75.84 

78  88 

81.92 

84.96 

88.00 

91.04 

DO.OO 

71.50 

74.62 

77  73 

80.85 

83.96 

87.08 

90.20 

93.31 

70.05 

73.24 

76.44 

79.63 

82.82 

86.01 

89.20 

92.40 

95.59 

71.72 

74.99 

78.26 

81  52 

84.79 

88.06 

91.33 

94  60 

97.86 

73.39 

76  73 

80.08 

83.42 

86.76 

90.10 

93  45 

96.80 

100.14 

75.06 

78.48 

81  90 

85.32 

88.74 

92.16 

95.59 

99.00 

102.42 

76.72 

80  22 

83.70 

87.21 

90.71 

94.21 

97.70 

101.20 

104.69 

78.39 

81.96 

85  56 

89.11 

92.68 

96.25 

99.82 

103  40 

106.97 

80.06 

83.71 

87.34 

91.00 

94.65 

98.30 

101.95 

105.60 

109.24 

81.73 

85.45 

89.18 

92.90 

96.62 

100.35 

104.07 

107.80 

111.52 

1  83.40 

87.20 

91.00 

94.80 

98.60 

102.40 

106.20 

110.00 

113.80 

2* 


\ 


18 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


The  following  table  shows  the  required  area  of  the  canal 
which  conveys  the  water  from  the  reservoir  to  the  flume  at 
the  wheel — the  column  marked  Area,"  shows  the  area  of 
the  canal  in  feet,  the  column  marked  "  Length,"  shows  the 
length  of  the  overshot  or  breast  wheels.  It  matters  not  what 
may  be  the  diameter  of  the  overshot  or  the  fall  of  the  breast 
wheel. 

Example. 

The  length  of  two  wheels  being  20  feet,  and  the  depth  of 
the  canal  being  4  feet,  required,  the  width — find  20  in  the  col- 
umn marked  Length,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  ^^Area,"  will  be  found  34,  which  divided  by  4, 
gives  8-^  feet,  which  is  the  width  of  the  canal,  because  8^ 
multiplied  by  4  gives  34. — Answer, 

Example. 

The  length  of  a  wheel  being  14  feet,  required  the  area  of 
the  canal — find  14  in  the  column  marked  Length,"  oppo- 
site to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  Area,"  will  be 
found  24  feet  area. — Answer, 

There  are  wheels  14  feet  in  length,  which  are  supplied 


No.  4. 


Area. 

Length. 

Area. 

Length. 

Area. 

Length. 

8 

5 

29 

17 

51 

38 

10 

6 

31 

18 

53 

40 

12 

7 

32 

19 

55 

42 

13 

8 

34 

20 

57 

44 

15 

9 

36 

22 

59 

46 

17 

10 

38 

24 

60 

48 

19 

11 

39 

26 

62 

50 

20 

12 

41 

28 

64 

52 

22 

13 

43 

30 

66 

54 

24 

14 

45 

32 

68 

56 

25 

15 

47 

34 

70 

58 

27 

16 

49 

36 

71  1 

60 

WATER  POWER. 


19 


with  water  by  pipes  whose  area  does  not  exceed  14  feet,  but 
in  such  cases,  it  requires  from  4  to  6  inches  head  to  impel 
the  water  through  the  pipes — hence,  there  are  from  4  to  6 
inches  of  the  whole  head  lost.  If  circumstances  will  permit, 
the  area  of  the  canal  should  not  be  less  than  represented  in 
the  table. 

The  following  table  shows  the  depth  of  water  in  inches, 
in  wheel  pits — or  it  shows  the  difference  of  the  depth  of  the 
water  when  the  wheel  is  at  rest  and  in  motion — the  column 
marked  "  No.  of  Feet,"  shows  the  number  of  cubic  feet  dis- 
charged from  the  wheel  into  the  pit  per  second,  the  column 
marked  "  Width,"  shows  the  width  of  the  race  or  water 
course  from  the  wheel  pit,  the  bottom  of  which  (in  width)  is 
supposed  to  be  level. 

Example. 

Required,  the  depth  of  the  water  in  a  wheel  pit,  the  num- 
ber of  cubic  feet  of  water  discharged  from  the  wheel  per 
second  being  20,  and  the  race  being  12  feet  wide — find  20 
in  the  column  marked  "  No.  of  Feet,"  opposite  to  this  num- 
ber in  the  table,  and  under  12  in  the  column  marked 
Width,"  will  be  found  7  inches,  the  difference  in  the  depth 
of  the  water  when  the  wheel  is  at  rest  and  in  motion. — 
Answer, 

Example, 

Required,  the  depth  of  the  water  in  a  wheel  pit,  the  num- 
ber of  cubic  feet  of  water  discharged  from  the  wheel  per 
second  being  20,  and  the  race  being  10  feet  in  width — find 
50  in  the  column  marked  ''No.  of  feet,"  opposite  to  this 
Dumber  in  the  table,  and  under  10  in  the  column  marked 
^'  Width,"  will  be  found  16  inches,  the  difference  in  the 
depth  of  the  water  when  the  wheel  is  at  rest  and  in  motion. 
— Answer, 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


WIDTH. 

o 
6 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

6 

7 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

7 

7 

6 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

8 

9 

8 

7 

6 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

9 

9 

8 

7 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

10 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

11 

11 

9 

8 

7 

7 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

12 

12 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

13 

12 

10 

9 

8 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

14 

13 

11 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

15 

13 

11 

10 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

16 

14 

12 

10 

9 

9 

8 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

17 

14 

12 

11 

10 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

18 

15 

13 

11 

10 

9 

9 

8 

7 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

19 

15 

13 

12 

11 

10 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

20 

16 

14 

12 

1] 

10 

9 

9 

8 

7 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

21 

16 

14 

12 

]  1 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

22 

17 

15 

13 

11 

10 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

23 

17 

15 

13 

12 

1] 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

24 

18 

15 

14 

12 

11 

10 

10 

9 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

25 

18 

16 

14 

12 

11 

11 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

7 

6 

6 

26 

19 

16 

14 

13 

12 

11 

10 

9 

9 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

7 

r> 

27 

19 

17 

15 

13 

12 

11 

10 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

7 

28 

20 

17 

15 

14 

12 

12 

11 

10 

9 

9 

9 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

7 

29 

20 

17 

15 

14 

13 

12 

11 

10 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

30 

21 

18 

16 

14 

13 

12 

11 

10 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

31 

21 

18 

16 

14 

13 

12 

11 

11 

10 

10 

9 

8 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

32 

21 

18 

16 

15 

14 

12 

12 

u 

10 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

33 

22 

19 

17 

15 

14 

13 

12 

11 

11 

10 

9 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

8 

34 

22 

19 

17 

15 

14 

13 

12 

11 

11 

10 

10 

9 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

35 

23 

20 

17 

16 

14 

13 

12 

12 

]  1 

10 

10 

9 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

36 

23 

20 

18 

16 

15 

13 

13 

12 

11 

11 

10 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

37 

23 

20 

18 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

11 

11 

10 

10 

9 

9 

9 

8 

8 

38 

24 

21 

18 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

12 

u 

10 

10 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

39 

24 

21 

19 

17 

15 

14 

13 

12 

12 

11 

10 

10 

10 

9 

9 

9 

8 

40 

25 

21 

19 

17 

16 

14 

14 

13 

12 

11 

10 

10 

10 

10 

9 

9 

8 

41 

25 

22 

19 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

12 

11 

11 

10 

10 

9 

9 

9 

42 

26 

22 

20 

18 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

12 

11 

11 

10 

10 

9 

9 

9 

43 

26 

22 

20 

18 

16 

15 

14 

13 

13 

12 

11 

11 

11 

10 

9 

9 

9 

44 

27 

23 

20 

18 

17 

15 

L5 

14 

13 

12 

11 

11 

11 

10 

10 

9 

9 

45 

27 

23 

20 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

11 

11 

11 

10 

10 

10 

9 

46 

27 

23 

21 

19 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

11 

11 

11 

U 

10 

10 

10 

47 

28 

24 

21 

19 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

13 

12 

11 

11 

11 

10 

10 

10 

48 

28 

24 

21 

19 

18 

16 

15 

15 

14 

13 

12 

12 

11 

11 

10 

10 

10 

49 

28 

24 

22 

19 

18 

16 

15 

15 

14 

13 

12 

12 

11 

11 

11 

10 

10 

50 

29 

25 

22 

20 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

12 

12 

11 

11 

10 

10 
— ^ 

WATER  POWER.  />r.    V'      (,i\S  21 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  reVolufibii^  that 
overshot  and  breast  wheels  make  per  rninutej,  of  'different 
diameters,  when  running  5  feet  per  second — the  -eblumn 
marked  "Diameter/'  shows  the  diameter  of  the  wh/els  in 
feet,  the  column  marked  "  Revolutions,"  shows  the  iiumber 
of  revolutions  that  the  wheels  make  per  minute. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  revolutions  that  a  breast  wheel 
makes  per  minute,  the  diameter  being  20  feet — find  20  in  the 
column  marked  "  Diameter,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  "  Revolutions,"  will  be  found  4.77  revo- 
lutions per  minute. — Ansioer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute  that  an 
overshot  wheel  makes,  the  diameter  being  12  feet — find  12 
in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  opposite  to  this  number 
in  the  column  marked  "  Revolutions,"  will  be  found  7.98 
revolutions  per  minute. — Answer, 


Wo.  6. 


Diameter. 

Revolutions. 

Diameter. 

1 

Revolutions. 

Diameter.  > 

Revolutions. 

9 

10.61 

17 

5.61 

24 

3.98 

10 

9  55 

18 

530 

25 

3.84 

11 

8.65 

19 

5.03 

26 

3.67 

12 

7.98 

20 

4.77 

27 

3.53 

13 

7.34 

21 

454 

28 

3.41 

14 

6.82 

22 

4.34 

29 

3.29 

15 

6.36 

23 

4.15 

30 

3.18 

16 

5  96 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  revolutions  per 
minute,  that  the  pinion  which  geers  into  the  water  wheel 


22 


MECHANICAL  PRINCTPIA. 


makes  of  different  diameters — since  the  circumference  of  the 
water  wheels  run  five  feet  per  second,  and  the  pinion  geering 
into  the  segments  on  the  circumference  of  the  same  wheel,  the 
diameter  of  the  wheel  will  not  alter  or  change  the  number  of 
turns  of  the  pinion  per  minute,  if  it  is  increased  or  diminished 
— the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  shows  the  diameter  of 
the  pinion  in  feet,  the  column  marked  "  Revolutions,"  shows 
the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  pinion  and  pinion  shaft  per 
minute. 

Example. 

Required,  the  diameter  of  a  pinion,  to  go  on  the  pinion 
shaft,  that  will  drive  the  shaft  47  turns  per  minute — find  47 
in  thecolumn  marked  "  Revolutions ;  "  opposite  to  this  num- 
ber in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  will  be  found  2  feet, 
the  diameter  of  the  pinion. — Answer, 

Example. 

A  shaft  is  making  31  turns  per  minute,  the  diameter  of 
the  pinion  being  3  feet ;  what  must  be  the  diameter  of  the 
pinion  to  drive  the  shaft  63  turns  per  minute  ? — find  63  in  the 
column  marked  "  Revolutions,"  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  will  be  found  1^  feet 
diameter.— -4  n^z^er. 


No.  7. 


.2 

s 

3. 

> 

Q 

1 

95i 

631 

2 

471 

2i 

381 

3 

3li 

3^ 

27i 

4 

23i 

WATER  POWER. 


23 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of 
water  discharged  per  second,  under  the  different  heads — the 
column  marked  "Head/'  shows  the  number  of  inches  head, 
that  is,  the  perpendicular  distance  from  the  level  of  the 
water  to  the  centre  of  the  opening — the  column  marked 
"  Area,''  shows  the  number  of  inches  area  of  the  opening, 
which  is  100  inches  ;  the  quantity  of  water  discharged  per 
second,  when  the  head  remains  constant,  varies  as  the  area 
of  the  opening — hence,  if  any  area  is  divided  by  100,  and 
multiplied  by  the  number  of  cubic  feet  due  to  any  given 
head  represented  in  the  table,  the  result  will  give  the  num- 
ber of  cubic  feet  due  to  that  area. 


Example. 

The  head  being  24  inches,  and  the  area  of  all  the  open- 
ings being  360  inches,  required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of 
water  discharged  per  second — find  24  in  the  column  marked 
"  Head,"  opposite  to  this  column  marked  "  No.  of  Feet,"  will 
be  found  5.46  cubic  feet,  which  is  due  to  100  inches  area  ; 
which  multiplied  by  ?f  ^,  or  3.,p0,  gives  19.65  cubic  feet. — 
Answer, 

Example. 

The  head  being  27  inches,  and  the  area  of  all  the  open- 
ings being  400  inches,  required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of 
water  discharged  per  second — find  27  in  the  column  marked 


Head. 

Area. 

No.  of  Ft. 

Head. 

Area. 

No.  of  Ft. 

12 

100 

3.82 

33 

100 

6.34 

15 

4.28 

36 

6.61 

18 

4.69 

39 

}) 

6.87 

21 

5.04 

42 

ii 

7.14 

24 

5.46 

45 

if 

7.41 

27 

5.73 

48 

it 

7.64 

30 

6.03 

24 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


"Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
^*No.  of  Feet,"  will  be  found  5.73,  which  multiplied  by 
4.00,  gives  22.92  cubic  feet. — Answer. 

The  following  table  shows  the  horse  power  of  overshot 
and  breast  wheels — the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  shows 
the  diameter  of  the  overshot,  or  the  fall  of  the  breast  wheel, 
the  column  marked  "  Length,"  shows  the  length  of  the 
wheel ;  the  fall  on  the  breast  wheel  must  always  be  reckoned 
from  the  upper  gate — when  the  head  exceeds  two  feet,  add 
one  third  of  the  excess  to  the  fall — suppose  the  head  to  be  4 
feet,  the  excess  is  2  feet,  one  third  of  which  is  8  inches ;  as 
there  are  no  fractions  of  feet  in  the  table,  call  this  1  foot, 
when  the  excess  exceeds  6  inches,  call  it  1  foot,  when  it  is 
less  than  6  inches,  it  may  be  omitted.  The  head  from  the 
upper  gate  should  never  exceed  2  feet,  but  it  may  or  should 
be  as  much  less  as  circumstances  will  permit.  (See  Note  A.) 

Example.  . 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  an  overshot  wheel,  the  diam- 
eter being  22  feet,  and  the  length  being  10  feet — find  22  in 
the  column  marked  Diameter,"  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  table,  and  under  10  in  the  column  marked  "  Length," 
will  be  found  42.9  horse  pov/er. — Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  a  breast  wheel,  the  fall  be- 
ing 28  feet,  and  the  length  being  20  feet — find  28  in  the 
column  marked  Diameter,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  10  in  the  column  marked  "  Length,"  will 
be  found  109.2  horse  power. — Answer, 


WATER  POWER. 


No.  9. 


1  Diameter. 

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26 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  loss  of  the  power 
of  a  stream,  when  it  is  transmitted  by  the  overshot  or  breast 
water  wheel,  according  to  the  statement  in  note  A,  the  general 
truth  of  which  is  so  apparent  it  was  thought  prudent  to  cal- 
culate the  following  table  from  it ;  there  may  be  a  small 
error  in  the  statement,  showing  the  per  cent  loss  of  power 
due  to  the  relative  velocity  of  the  wheel,  and  that  which  is 
due  to  the  head,  which,  when  corrected,  would  probably  in- 
crease the  per  cent  loss  of  the  power.  All  the  calculations  on 
the  overshot  and  breast  water  wheels  in  this  work,  are  calcu- 
lated from  the  old  statements  and  rules. — The  column  mark- 
ed "  Fall,"  shows  the  fall  of  the  breast  wheel,  or,  the  diam- 
eter of  the  overshot  wheel ;  the  column  marked  "  Per  Cent," 
shows  the  per  cent  loss  of  the  power  on  different  falls. 

Example. 

The  fall  of  a  breast  wheel  being  18  feet,  required,  the 
per  cent  loss,  (the  head  being  2  feet,) — find  18  in  the  column 
marked  "  Fall,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "  Per  Cent,"  will  be  found  33  per  cent  loss. — 
Answer, 

Example. 

The  diameter  of  an  overshot  wheel  being  9  feet,  required, 
the  per  cent  loss — find  9  in  the  column  marked  Fall,"  op- 
posite to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Per  Cent," 
will  be  found  52  per  cent  loss. — Answer, 


Wo.  10. 


Fall. 

Pr.  Cent 

Fall. 

Pr.  Cent 

Fall. 

Pr.  Cent 

9 

52 

17 

34 

24 

26 

10 

49 

18 

33 

25 

25 

11 

45 

19 

31 

26 

25 

12 

43 

20 

30 

27 

24 

13 

41 

21 

29 

28 

24 

14 

38 

22 

28 

29 

23 

15 

36 

23 

27 

30 

23 

16 

35 

WATER  POWER. 


27 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  revolutions  of 
the  inward  discharging  turbine  wheel  per  minute,  the  col- 
umn marked  "  Head,"  shows  the  number  of  feet  head,  the 
column  marked  Diameter,"  shows  the  diameter  of  the 
wheel  in  inches. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute,  of  the 
inward  discharging  turbine  wheel,  the  head  being  10  feet, 
and  the  diameter  being  60  inches — find  10  in  the  column 
marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 


Wo.  11. 


DIAMETER. 

1 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

— 
4 

122 

98 

81 

70 

61 

54 

49 

44 

40 

37 

35 

33 

30 

5 

137 

109 

91 

78 

68 

60 

54 

49 

45 

42 

39 

36 

34 

6 

149 

120 

100 

85 

75 

66 

60 

54 

50 

46 

42 

40 

37 

7^ 
8 

160 

129  107 

92 

81 

71 

64 

58 

53 

49 

46 

43 

40 

173 

138  115 

98 

86 

76 

69 

62 

57 

53 

49 

46 

43 

9 

184 

147122 

105 

92 

81 

73 

66 

61 

56 

52 

49 

46 

10 

194 

154128110 

97 

86 

77 

70 

64 

59 

55 

51 

48 

11 

203 

162  135 

115 

101 

90 

81 

73 

67 

62 

57 

54 

50 

12 

212 

169  141 

121 

106 

94 

84 

77 

70 

65 

60 

56 

53 

13 

220 

176  147 

126 

110 

98 

88 

80 

73 

67 

63 

59 

55 

14 

229 

183  153 

131 

114 

102 

91 

83 

76 

70 

65 

61 

57 

15 

237 

189 

158 

135 

118 

105 

94 

86 

79 

72 

67 

63 

59 

16 

245 

196 

163 

140 

122 

109 

98 

89 

81 

75 

70 

65 

61 

17 

252 

201 

168 

144 

126 

112 

100 

91 

84 

77 

72 

67 

63 

18' 

260 

207 

173 

148 

130 

115 

103 

94 

86 

80 

74 

69 

65 

19 

266 

213  177 

152 

133 

118 

106 

97 

88 

82 

76 

71 

66 

20 

274 

2l9'l82 

156 

137 

121 

109 

100 

91 

84 

78 

73 

68 

21 

281 

224' 187 

160 

140 

124 

112 

102 

93 

86 

80 

75 

70 

22 

288 

229 

191 

164 

143 

127 

114 

105 

95 

'88 

82 

76 

72 

23 

294 

234 

195 

167 

146 

131 

117 

107 

97 

90 

84 

78 

73 

24 

300 

239 

199 

170 

149 

133 

119 

109 

99 

92 

85 

79 

74 

25 

307 

245  204 

175 

153 

136 

121 

111 

102 

94 

87 

82 

76 

26 

313 

249  208 

ViS 

156 

138 

124 

113 

104 

96 

89 

83 

78 

27 

318 

254|212 

182 

159 

141 

127 

116 

106 

98 

91 

85 

79 

28i 

324 

259216 

185 

162 

144 

129 

118 

108 

100 

92 

86 

81 

29 

330 

263219 

188 

164 

146 

131 

120 

110 

101 

94 

88 

82 

30 

335 

268^223 

191 

167 

149 

1134 

123 

lll2 

ll03 

195 

189 

84 

•28 


MECHANICAL  PPINCIPIA. 


under  60  in  the  column  marked  Diameter,"  will  be  found 
77  revolutions  per  minute. — Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute,  of  an 
inward  discharging  turbine  wheel,  the  head  being  30  feet, 
and  the  diameter  being  48  inches^ — find  30  in  the  column 
marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  48  in  the  column  marked  Diameter,"  will  be  found 
167  revolutions  per  minute. — Answer. 

The  following  tables  show  the  horse  power  of  the  centre  or 
inward  discharging  turbine  water  wheel,  and  also  the  horse 
power  of  the  outward  discharging  turbine  water  wheel ;  these 
tables  give  the  working  power  of  the  wheels.  (See  Note  B.) — 
The  columns  marked  Head,"  show  the  number  of  feet 
head,  the  columns  marked  Horse  Power,"  show  the  horse 
power  of  the  wheels  under  different  heads,  the  column 
marked  "  Area,'  shows  the  area  of  all  the  openings,  which 
are  100  inches ;  the  power  of  the  wheel  varies,  as  the  area 
of  all  the  openings — hence  if  any  area  is  divided  by  100,  and 
multiplied  by  the  number  of  horse  power  found  in  the  table 
due  to  100  inches  area,  the  result  will  give  the  number  of 
horse  power  due  to  that  area. 

Example. 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  an  outward  discharging 
turbine  water  wheel,  the  effective  head  being  12  feet,  and 
the  area  of  all  the  openings  being  300  inches — find  12  in  the 
column  marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  col- 
umn marked  Horse  Power,"  will  be  found  13.4  horse 
power,  which  is  the  power  due  to  100  inches  area,  which 
multiplied  by  ^-g-^,  or  3.00,  gives  40.2  horse  power. — 
Answer, 


WATER  POWER. 


29 


Example. 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  an  outward  discharging 
turbine  wheel,  the  head  being  10  feet,  and  the  area  of  all 
the  openings  being  275  inches — find  10  in  the  column  mark- 
ed Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
"  Horse  Power,'^  will  be  found  10.5,  which  multiplied  by 
2.75,  gives  28.8  horse  power. — Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  an  inward  or  centre  dis- 
charging turbine  water  wheel,  the  head  being  14  feet,  and 

No.  12. 


CENTRE  DISCHARGING.  OUTWARD  DISCHARGING. 


Head. 

Area. 

Horse  Power. 

Head. 

Area. 

Horse  Power. 

4 

100 

1.5 

4 

100 

2.5 

5 

2.1 

5 

i( 

3.8 

6 

(( 

2.7 

6 

46 

7 

3.4 

7 

(( 

5.8 

8 

<t 

4.2 

8 

it 

7.4 

9 

(t 

5.1 

9 

t( 

8.8 

10 

(f 

5.9 

10 

it 

10.5 

11 

(( 

6.9 

11 

it 

11.7 

12 

<c 

7.8 

12 

13.4 

13 

(( 

8.8 

13 

it 

15.1 

14 

« 

10.0 

14 

17.2 

15 

« 

10.9 

15 

it 

19.2 

16 

tc 

12.1 

16 

it 

21.0 

17 

13.2 

17 

it 

23.1 

18 

(( 

14.4 

18 

tc 

25.2 

19 

15.6 

19 

it 

27.3 

20 

(t 

16.9 

20 

29.5 

21 

18.1 

21 

31.6 

22 

« 

19.5 

22 

33.8 

23 

20.8 

23 

a 

36.2 

24 

tc 

222 

24 

it 

38.6 

25 

S( 

23.6 

25 

it 

41  1 

26 

({ 

25.0 

26 

it 

43.6 

27 

(( 

26.5 

27 

45.6 

28 

28.0 

28 

a 

48.3 

29 

<( 

29.5 

29 

it 

50.7 

30 

31.0 

30 

it 

53  6 

30 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


the  area  of  all  the  openings  being  300  feet — find  14  in  the 
column  marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  Horse  Power,"  will  be  found  10  horse 
power,  which  multiplied  by  3.00,  gives  30  horse  power. — 
Answer, 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  revolutions  per 
minute,  of  the  outward  discharging  turbine  wheel  under 
different  heads — the  column  marked  "  Head,"  shows  the 
number  of  feet  head,  the  column  marked  Diameter,"  shows 
the  diameter  of  the  wheel  in  inches. 


No.  13. 


n3 

DIAMETER. 

5h 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

4 

110 

88 

72 

61 

55 

48 

44 

40 

36 

33 

30 

29 

5 

122 

98 

81 

70 

61 

54 

49 

44 

41  '37 

35 

32 

6 

134 

108 

89 

77 

67 

60 

54 

49 

44  41 

37 

36 

7 

145 

116 

96 

83 

72 

64 

58 

52 

48  45 

41 

39 

155 

124 

103 

89 

78 

69 

62 

56 

51  47 

44 

41 

I 

165 

132 

110 

94 

82 

73 

66 

60 

55  50 

47 

44 

10 

173 

139 

116 

99 

86 

77 

69 

63 

58  53 

49 

46 

182 

145 

121 

104 

91 

80 

72 

66 

61  56 

52 

48 

12 

190 

155 

126 

108 

95 

84 

77 

69 

63  58 

54 

52 

13 

198 

158 

132 

113 

99 

88 

79 

72 

66  61 

56 

53 

14 

105 

164 

137 

117 

102 

91 

82 

74 

68  63 

58 

55 

15 

212 

170 

141 

121 

106 

94 

85 

77 

71  65 

60 

56 

16 

220 

176 

146 

125 

110 

97 

88 

80 

73  67 

62 

58 

17 

226 

181 

151 

130 

113 

100 

90 

82 

75  70 

65 

61 

18 

233 

186 

155 

133 

116 

103 

93 

84 

77  72 

66 

62 

19 

239 

191 

160 

137 

119 

106 

95 

87 

80  73 

68 

63 

20 

246 

196 

163 

140 

123 

109 

98 

89 

82  75 

70 

65 

21 

251 

201 

167 

144 

125 

112 

100 

91 

84  77 

72 

67 

22 

257 

206 

171 

147 

128 

114 

103 

93 

86  79 

73 

68 

23 

263 

211 

175 

150 

131 

117 

105 

95 

88 

81 

75 

70 

24 

269 

215 

179 

153 

134 

119 

108 

97 

90  82 

76 

72 

25 

275 

220 

183 

157 

137 

122 

110 

100 

91  84 

78 

73 

26 

280 

224 

187 

160 

140 

124 

112 

102 

93  86 

80 

75 

27 

285 

228 

190 

164 

142 

127 

114 

104 

95  87 

82 

76 

28 

290 

232 

194 

166 

145 

129 

116 

106 

97  89 

83 

77 

29 

296 

236 

197 

169 

148 

131 

118 

108 

98  91 

84 

79 

30 

300 

240 

200 

172 

150 

133 

120 

109 

100  92 

86 

80 

WATER  POWER. 


31 


Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute  of  an 
outward  discharging  turbine  wheel,  the  head  being  7  feet, 
and  the  diameter  of  the  wheel  being  72  inches — find  7  in  the 
column  marked  "Head,''  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
and  under  72  in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  will  be 
found  48  revolutions. — Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute,  of  an 
outward  discharging  turbine  wheel,  the  head  being  30  feet, 
and  the  diameter  of  the  wheel  being  48  inches — find  30  in 
the  column  marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  48  in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter," 
will  be  found  150  revolutions. — Answer, 


Note  A. 

An  overshot  water  wheel  16  feet  in  diameter,  requires  a 
fall  of  18-J-  feet,  and  the  per  cent  loss  of  the  power  due  to 
18^  feet  is  about  one  third,  or  35  per  cent,  according  to  the 
following  statement — in  18  J  feet,  there  are  222  inches — 

Allow  6  inches  for  clearance  below  the  wheel,  then 
6  inches  of  the  whole  fall  will  be  lost,  or     2  of 
the  whole  fall,  or  027 

Allow  2  feet  for  the  head,  which  acts  on  the  wheel  by- 
percussion,  and  hence  f  of  2  feet  loss,  or  -^^^^  of 
the  whole  fall,  or  071 

On  a  well  calculated  wheel,  the  water  begins  to  emp- 
ty from  the  buckets  at  about  5  feet  from  the 
bottom  of  the  wheel,  hence  f  of  a  foot  loss,  or  -^^^j 
of  the  whole  fall,  or  067 


32 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


The  water  in  the  buckets  on  the  top  of  the  whoel  will 
be  about  4  inches  deep — the  bucket  is  12  inches 
deep — then  8  inches,  and  half  of  four,  makes  10 
inches  loss  of  the  whole  fall,  or         or      .        .  .045 

The  velocity  of  the  wheel,  and  also  the  water,  is  five 
feet  per  second — the  theoretical  velocity  due  to 
1S\  feet  head  is  35  feet  per  second,  nearly — it  is 
a  well  known  law  that  the  effect  varies  as  the  re- 
lative velocity,  hence  -3^5-  of  the  whole  power,  or  .145 

Total  per  cent  loss  .355 


It  is  found  by  a  great  number  of  observations,  that  when 
the  wheel  runs  5  feet  per  second,  the  water  should  enter  the 
buckets  with  a  velocity  of  8  feet  per  second — it  is  also  found 
that  it  requires  2  feet  head  in  practice,  to  impel  the  water 
with  a  velocity  of  8  feet  per  second — hence  it  is  necessary 
that  the  ordinary  head  on  overshot  and  breast  wheels,  should 
be  two  feet. 

The  overshot  and  breast  water  wheels,  are  calculated  to 
run  5  feet  per  second,  which  is  a  good  geering  velocity,  and 
it  appears  to  be  the  proper  velocity  for  overcoming  the  inertia 
of  the  wheel  when  loaded.  The  head  is  calculated  to  be  2 
feet,  and  the  depth  of  the  bucket  12  inches.  There  are  on 
well  constructed  breast  wheels  two  or  three  gates  to  let  the 
water  on  the  wheel,  the  first  gate  being  under  a  head  of  18  to  24 
inches,  from  which  the  wheel  is  always  supplied  except  in  case 
of  low  water,  when  the  lower  gates  are  opened  as  the  head  is 
drawn  down  :  by  this  arrangement,  the  reservoir  can  be 
drawn  down  several  feet,  but  with  the  overshot  wheel,  the 
head  cannot  be  drawn  down  but  a  few  inches  ;  this  palpable 
advantage  which  the  breast  wheel  possesses  over  the  over- 
shot, has  caused  it  to  be  more  generally  introduced ;  when 
the  reservoir  is  small,  or  when  the  head  cannot  be  drawn 
down,  the  overshot  wheel  is  generally  preferred,  as  the  first 
cost  is  a  little  less  than  the  breast  wheel. 


WATER  POWER. 


33 


Note  B. 

Sufficient  allowance  has  been  made  for  loss  power  in  the 
tables,  showing  the  horse  power  of  the  outward  and  inward 
discharging  turbine  water  wheels ;  and  also,  due  allowance 
has  been  made  in  the  tables  showing  the  required  area  of  all 
the  openings,  to  drive  Corn  and  Flour  Mills  under  different 
heads,  and  Cotton  Machinery.  If  the  heads  represented  in 
the  tables  always  remained  constant,  the  wheels  would  be 
well  calculated,  as  the  surplus  power  is  sufficient  to  always 
insure  a  good  supply ;  if  the  location  should  be  subject  to 
back  water,  or  if  the  head  should  be  liable  to  be  drawn  down, 
due  allowance  should  be  made.  The  table  showing  the 
depth  of  water  in  wheel  pits,  should  be  carefully  examined 
when  laying  out  the  dimensions  of  the  wheel  pit  and  race  : 
in  ordinary  cases  two  to  three  feet  should  be  deducted  from 
the  whole  fall ;  let  the  remainder  be  considered  the  effective 
head. 


STEAM  POWER. 


STEAM  POWER, 


The  following  table  shows  the  horse  power  of  the  plain 
cylindrical  boiler,  with  one  return  flue,  und^r  a  pressure 


No.  1. 


tc 
c 

DIAMETER, 

12 

18 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

io' 

.6 

1.4 

2  6 

4.1 

5.« 

8.0 

104 

132 

16.3 

19.S 

23  5 

.7 

16 

2.8 

4.5 

6.4 

6.8 

11.5 

14.5 

17  9 

21  b 

25.9 

12 

.78 

1.7 

3  1 

49 

7.0 

9  6 

12.5 

15.8 

19.6 

23.8 

2^2 

13 

.84 

1.9 

34 

5.3 

7  6 

IU.4 

13  6 

17.1 

21.2 

25  8 

30.6 

14 

.91  i  2.0 

3.6 

5.8 

8.2 

11.2 

14.6 

18.4 

22  9 

27.7 

32.9 

15 

.97 

2  2 

39 

6.2 

88 

•  20 

15.7 

19.8 

24.5 

29  7 

35.3 

16 

1.0 

2.3 

4.1 

6  6 

9.4 

12.8 

16.7  21.1 

26.1 

31.7 

37.6 

17 

1.1 

24 

44 

7.0 

10.0 

13.6 

17.7  22.4 

27.8 

33.7 

40.0 

18 

1  2 

2.6 

47 

7.4 

10.6 

'4.4 

18.8  23.7 

29.4 

35.7 

42.4 

19 

1.2 

2.7 

4.9 

7.8 

11.1 

15  2  !  19  8  25.0 

:U.0 

37.7 

44.7 

20 

13 

2.9 

52 

8.3 

11.7 

160 

20  9  26.4 

32  7 

39.7 

47.1 

21 

1.3 

3.0 

5  5 

8.7 

12.3 

16.8 

21  9  27. 7 

34  3 

41.6 

49.4 

22 

1.4 

32 

5  7 

9.1 

12.9 

17  6  23.0  29.0 

35.9 

43.6 

51.8 

23 

14 

33 

6.0 

9.5 

13.5 

18.4  24.0  30.3 

37.6 

45.6 

54.1 

24 

1  5 

3.5 

6.2 

9.9 

14  1 

19  2 

2.-)  1 

31.6 

39  2 

47.6 

56.5 

25 

1.6 

36 

6.5 

10.3 

14  7 

20  0 

26  1 

33.0 

40.9 

49.6 

589 

26 

1.6 

3.8 

6.8 

10.7 

15.3 

20.8 

27  2  34.3 

42  5 

51.6 

61.2 

27 

1.7 

3-9 

7.0 

11.2 

15-9 

21.6 

28.2  35.6 

44  1 

53  5 

63.6 

28 

1  8 

41 

7.3 

11.6 

164 

22-4 

29.3  36.9 

45.8 

55.5 

65  9 

29 

1  8 

42 

7.6 

12.0 

17.0 

23.2 

30  3  38.2 

47.4 

57.5 

68  3 

30 

1.9 

4.4 

7.8 

124 

17.6 

24.0 

31.4  39  6 

49.0 

59.5 

70.6 

31 

2.0 

45 

8.1 

128 

18.2 

24  8 

32.4  40  9 

50  7 

61  5 

73  0 

32 

20 

4.7 

8.3 

132 

18.8 

25  6 

33.5  42.2 

523 

63.5 

75.3 

33 

2.1 

4.8 

8.6 

13.6 

19.4 

26.4" 

34  5 

43  5 

53.9 

65.5 

77-7 

34 

22 

4.9 

8.9 

14.1 

20.0 

27.2 

.55.5 

44-8 

55.6 

67.4 

80.1 

35 

2.2 

5.1 

9.1 

145 

20.6 

2R.0 

36.6 

46  2 

57.2 

69.4 

82.4 

36 

2.3 

5.2 

9.4 

14  9 

21.2 

28-8 

37.6 

47.5 

58.8 

71.4 

84.8 

37 

2.4 

5.4 

9.6 

15.3 

21.7 

29.6 

38.7 

■48  8 

60,5 

73.4 

87.1 

38 

2.4 

5.5 

9.9 

15.7 

22.3 

304 

39.7 

50.1 

62.1 

754 

89.5 

39 

2.5 

5.7 

10.2 

16.1 

22.9 

312 

40.8 

51.4 

63.8 

77.4 

91.8 

40 : 

2.6 

5.8 

10.4 

16.6 

23.5 

321 

41.8 

52.8 

65.4 

79 '4 

94.2 

28 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


from  50  to  60  pounds  per  square  inch — the  column  marked 
"  Length,"  shows  the  length  of  the  boiler  in  feet,  the  column 
marked  Diameter/^  shows  the  diameter  of  the  boiler  in 
inches. 

Example. 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  a  boiler,  the  length  being  28 
feet,  and  the  diameter  being  48  inches — find  28  in  the  col- 
umn marked  "  Length,'^  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
and  under  48  in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  will  be 
found  29.3  horse  power. — Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  horse  power  of  a  boiler,  the 
length  being  18  feet,  and  the  diameter  being  24  inches — find 
18  in  the  column  marked  "  Length,"  opposite  to  this  num- 
ber in  the  table,  and  under  24  in  the  column  marked 
"  Diameter,"  will  be  found  4.7  horse  power. — Answer, 

The  following  table  shows  the  usual  consumption  of 
coarse  Anthracite  Coal  per  day  by  different  sized  engines — 
the  column  marked  Horse  Power,"  shows  the  horse  power 
of  the  engines,  the  column  marked  "  Pounds  Coal,"  shows 
the  number  of  pounds  consumed  per  day  (12  hours). 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  Anthracite  Coal  per 
day,  to  supply  an  engine  working  40  horse  power — find  40 
in  the  column  marked  Horse  Power,"  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  column  marked  Pounds  Coal,"  will  be 
found  1680  pounds. — Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  Anthracite  Coal  per 


STEAM  POWER. 


39 


day,  to  supply  an  engine  working  100  horse  power — find  100 
in  the  column  marked  "Horse  Power,"  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  column  marked  Pounds  Coal,"  will  be 
found  4210  pounds. — Ansiver, 


Mo-  2.' 


Horse  Power. 

Pounds  Coal. 

Horse  Power. 

Pounds  Coal. 

Horse  Power. 

Pounds  Coal. 

4 

168 

38 

1596 

70 

2940 

6 

252 

40 

1680 

72 

3024 

8 

336 

42 

1764 

74 

3108 

10 

420 

44 

1848 

76 

3192 

12 

504 

46 

1932 

78 

3276 

14 

588 

48 

2016 

80 

3360 

16 

672 

50 

2100 

82 

3444 

18 

756 

52 

2184 

84 

3528 

20 

840 

54 

2268 

86 

3612 

22 

924 

56 

2352 

88 

3696 

24 

1008 

58 

2436 

90 

3780 

26 

1092 

60 

2520 

92 

3864 

28 

1176 

62 

2604 

94 

3948 

30 

1260 

64 

2688 

96 

4032 

32 

1344 

66 

2772 

98 

4126 

34 

1428 

68 

2856 

100 

4200 

36 

1512 

The  following  table  is  calculated  principally  for  the 
Southern  States,  where  the  Southern  Pine  is  used  for  fuel 
instead  of  Coal— the  column  marked  "  Horse  Power,"  shows 
the  number  of  horse  power  the  engine  is  working,  the  column 
marked  "  Cords,"  shows  the  number  of  cords  that  the  engine 
consumes  per  day  (12  hours),  the  column  marked  Hours," 
shows  the  number  of  hours  per  day,  which  the  engine  is 
supposed  to  run. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  cords  of  Southern  Pine  to  drive 
three  run  of  4-|  feet  stones  grinding  corn,  the  number  of 


40 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


horse  power  required  being  about  45 — find  45  in  the  column 
marked  Horse  Power,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked     Cords/^  will  be  found  5-J  cords. — Answer. 

Example. 

An  engine  is  working  25  horse  power,  required,  the 
number  of  cords  the  engine  will  consume  per  day  (12 
hours) — find  25  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse  Power," 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "Cords," 
will  be  3  cords. — Answer, 


o 

o 

o 
o 

'H 

S 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

O 

4 

4 

12 

45 

54 

(( 

6 

% 

50 

6 

(C 

8 

1 

55 

64 

10 

60 

n 

8 

12 

14 

65 

(( 

14 

li 

70 

84 

16 

2 

75 

9i 

18 

2i 

80 

9i 

20 

24 

85 

104 

25 

3 

90 

11 

30 

34' 

95 

llf 

35 

4i 

100 

124 

e( 

40 

41 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of 
water  per  hour,  that  high  pressure  engines  require  per  horse 
power :  the  calculated  power  of  engines  will  be  taken  for 
this  table,  instead  of  the  actual  power,  as  this  table  shows 
nearly  the  theoretical  quantity  of  water  required — the  col- 
umn marked  Horse  Power,"  shows  the  calculated  power 
of  the  engine,  the  colum.n  marked  "  No.  of  Hours,"  shows 
the  number  of  hours  the  engine  is  in  operation. 


STEAM  POWER, 


41 


No.  4. 


NUx^lBER  OF  HOURS. 


1 


11.0 

12  1 

13  2 
US 
15.4 
16.5 
17  6 
18.7 
19.8 
20.9 
22.0 
23.1 
24.2 
25.3 
26.4 
27.5 
28.6 
2ii.7 
30.8 
31.9 

33  0 

34  1 
35.2 
36.3 
374 
38.5 
3.9.6 
40.7 
41.8 
42.9 
44.0 
45.1 
46.2 
47.3 
48.4 
49.5 
50.6 
51.7 
52.8 
53.9 
55.0 
56.1 
57  2 
58.3 
59.4 
60.5 


22  0 
24.2 
26.4 
28.6 
30.8 
33.0 
35  2 
37.4 
39.6 
41.8 
44  0 
46.2 
48.4 
50  6 
52.8 
55.0 
57.2 
59.4 
61.6 
63.8 
66.0 
68  2 
70  4 
72.6 
74.8 
77.0 
79.2 
81.4 
83.6 
85.8 
88.0 
90.2 
92.4 
94.6 
96.8 
99.0 
101.2 
103.4 
105.6 
107.8 
110.0 
112.2 
114.4 
116.6 
118.8 
121.0 


33.0 
36  3 
39.6 
42  9 
46.2 
49.5 
52.8 
56.1 
59.4 
62.7 
66.0 
69.3 
72.6 
75.9 
79.2 
82.5 
85.8 
891 
92.4 
95.7 
990 
1023 
105-5 
108.9 
1122 
115.5 
118.8 
122  1 
125.4 
128.'/ 


44.0 
48.4 
52.8 
57.2 
61.6 
66.6 
70.4 
748 
79.2 
83.6 
88  0 
92.4 
96.8 
101.2 
105.6 
llO.O 
114.4 
118.8 
123  2 
127.6 
132.0 
136.4 
140.8 
145.2 
149.6 
1540 
158.4 
162.8 
167.2 
171. 


132.0  176.6 
135  3  180.4 
138  6|l84.b 
141.9489.2 
145  2'l93.t 
14H.5'l98.6 
151.82U2.4 
155.1,206.8 
158  4211  2 
161.7^215.(3 
165.0  220.6 
168.3  224  4 
171.6  228.8 
174.9  233.2 
178.2'237.C 
181.5'242.( 


0l32 


181 
187 
192.0 
198.0  237 


242.6  290.^ 
247.5  297.1 
253.0^ 
25».6^ 
264.0  316.J 
269.0  323.^ 
275 
280.5: 


6 


55.0 
60.5 
66.0 
71  5 
77,0 
82.5 
88.0 
93.5 
99  0 
104.5 
110 
115.5 
121.0 
126  5 
132.0 
137.5 
143.0 
148.5 
154.0 
159  5 
165.0 

170  5  204.6  238 
176.0211 


66.0 
72.6 
79.2 
85.8 
92.4 
99.0 
105.6 
112.2 
118.8 
125.4 
2  0 
138  6 
145.2 
151.8 
158.4 
165.0 
171.6 

178.2  207.9 
184.8|215.6 
191.4  223  3 
198.01231.0 
7 

.2  246.4 
5217.8:254.1 
0  224.4  251.8 
231.0  269.5 
6  277.2 


77.0 
84./ 
92  4 
100  1 
107.8 
115.5 
123.2 
130.9 
138.6 
1463 
154.0 
161.7 
169  4 
177.1 
184.8 
192.5 
200.2 


203  5  244.2  2 
209.0 
6  214.5  2, 
220.0 
225.5 
231.0 
236.5 


4.9 

250.8j292.6 
57-4|300.3 
264.0;308.0 
270.6|315  7 
277.2  323.4 
^^3.8|331.1 
4:338.8 
0:346  5 
253.0  303.6  3.54.2 
310.2  361.9 
6.8:369.6 
.4  377.3 
5.0  330.0  385.0 
336.6  392.7 
286.0  343.2'400.4 
^91.5  349.8:408.1 
297.0  356.4'415  8 
302.5  363  0'423  5 


88.0 
96.8 
105.6 
114.4 
123.2 
132.0 
140.8 
149.6 
158.4 
167.2 
176.0 


184.8  207.9 


193.6 
202.4 


211.2  237.6 
220.0  247.5 


228.8 
237.6 


255.2 


290.4 
239.2 
308.0 
316.8 
325.6 
334.4 


360.8 


378.4 


404  ^ 


99.0 
108.9 
118.8 
128.7 
138.6 
148.5 
158.4 
168.3 
178.2 
188.1 
198.0 


217  8 
227.7 


257.4 
267.3 


246.4  277  2 


287.1 


264.0  297.0 
272  8  306  9 
281.6316  y 


326.7 
336  6 
346  5 
356.4 
366.3 
376.2 


343.3  386.1 
352.0  396.0 


U)5.9 


369.6  415.8 


425.7 


387  2  435.6 
396.0  445.5 


455.5 


413.6  465  3 
422  4  475.2 
431.2  485.1 
440.0  495.0 
448.8504.9 
457.6  514.8 
466.4  524  7 
475.2  534  6 
484.0  544.5 


10 

11 

1  9 

T7o 

121.0 

132.0 

121 

133.1 

145.2 

132 

145.2 

158.4 

143 

1573 

171.6 

154 

169.4 

184.8 

165 

181.5 

198.0 

176 

193.6 

211.2 

187 

205.7 

224.4 

198 

217.8 

237.6 

209 

229.9 

250.8 

220 

242.0 

264  0 

231 

254  1 

277.2 

242 

266.2 

290.4 

253 

278.3 

303.6 

264 

290.4 

316.8 

275 

302.5 

330.0 

286 

314.6 

343.2 

297 

326.7 

356.4 

308 

338  8 

369.6 

319 

350.9 

382.8 

330 

363.0 

396  0 

341 

375.1 

409.2 

352 

387.2 

422.4 

363 

399.3 

435.6 

374 

411  4 

448.4 

385 

423.5 

462.0 

396 

435.6 

475.2 

407 

447.7 

488.4 

418 

459  8 

501.6 

429 

471  9 

514.8 

440 

484.0 

528.0 

451 

496.1 

541.2 

462 

508,2 

554.4 

473 

520  3 

567.6 

484 

532.4 

580.8 

495 

544  5 

594.0 

506 

556.6 

607.2 

517 

568  7 

620.4 

528 

580.8 

633.6 

539 

592.9 

646.8 

550 

605.0 

660.0 

561 

617.1 

673.2 

572 

629  2 

686.4 

583 

641.3 

699.6 

594 

653.4 

712.8 

605 

665.5 

726.0 

42 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 
T¥o,  4. — Continued. 


NUMBER  OF  HOURS. 


1 


123.2 
125.4 
127.6 
129  8 
132.0 
134.2 
136.4 
138.6 


143.0 


147.4 
149.6 
151.8 
1540 


61.6 

62.7 

63.8 

64.9 

66.0 

67.1 

68.2 

69.3 

70.4 

71.5 

72.6 

73.7 

74.8 

75.9 

77.0 

78.1 

79  2 

80.3 

81.4 

82.5 

83.6 

84.7 

85.8 

86.9 

88.0 

89.1 

902 

91  3 

92.4 

93.5 

94.6 

95.7 

96  8 

97.9 

99.0 
100.1 
101  2 
102.3 
103.4 
104.5  209 


105-6 

106 

107.8 

108.9 

110.0 


140.8  211.2 


145.2  217.8 


1650 


169.4 
171.6 

173.8 


184.8 
188.1 
191.4 
194.7 
198.0 
201.3 
204.6 
207.9 


214.5 


221.1 
224.4 
227:7 
231.0 


156.2  234  3 
158.4  237.6 
160.6  240.9 
162.8  244.2 


247  5 


167.2  250.8 


254  1 
257.4 
260.7 


176.0  264.0 
178.2 
180.4 


267.0 
270.6 
182.6  273.9 
184.8  277  2 


187.0 
189.2 


280.5 
283.8 


191.4  287.1 


193.6 
195  8 
198.0 


290.4 
293.7 
297.0 


213  4 


200  2  300.3 
202.4  303  6 
204.6  306.9 
206.8  310.2 
0  313.5 
211.2316.8 


.320.1 


215.6  323  4 
217.8  326.7 
220.0  330.0 


246.4  308  0  369.6 
250.8'313.5  376  2 
255.2j319. 0  362.8 
259.6  324.5  389.4 
264.0  330.0  396.0 
268.4  335  5  402.6 
272.81341. 0'409.2 
277.2'346.5'415.8 
2551.6  352.0  422  4 
286.0'357  5  429  0 
290.0:363.0  435.6 
294.8'368.5  442.2 
299.2  374.0  448.8 
303.6  379  5  455 
308.0|385.0  462.0 
312.4'390  5  468.6 
316.8  396.0'475.2 
321.2|401.5'481.8 
325.6'407.0'483.4 
330.0'4i2.5  595.0 
334.41418.0  501.6 
338  8'423.5  508.2 
343-2'429. 0  514.8 
347.6  434-5  521.4 
352.0:440.0  52; 
356.4  445-5  534.(i 
350.8  451-0  541.2 
365-2'456.5  547.8 
369-6'462.0  554.4 
374-0  467-5  561.0 
378  4  473-0  567.6 
382-8'478-5  574.2 
387-2'484.0  580.8 
391-6  489-0  587.4 
396  0  495  0  594.0 
400-4'500-5  600.6 
404-8 

499-2  511-5  613.8 
413-6  517.0  620.4 
418  0  522-5  627  0 
422-4  523. 0  633.6 
426.8  5.33-5  640.2 
431 

435.6;544  5  653.4 
440.0'5.50.0  660.0 


431.2  492.8  554.4 


4  531.; 


562.1  642.417 


.585-2:668.8 


608.3  695.2  782.1 
28.0  616.0  704.0 


623 
631.4 
639.1 
646. 8 
654.5 


721.6811. 
730.4  821 
739.2  831. 
748.0  841.5 


669.9  765.6  861  3 
677.6I774  4  871.2 
685.3'783.2  881.1 

693.0  792.0  891.0 
700.7  800  8  900  9 

506  0  607.2  708.4  809.6  910  8 

716.1  818  4920.7 
723.8.827.2  930.6 
731.5|836.0  940  5 
739.2^844.8  950.4 
746  9:853.6  960.3 

2  539.0  646.8  754.6  862.4  970  2 
762  3  871.8  980.1 
770.01880.0  990.0 


10 

11 

12 

0  J  0 

0  /  / .  o 

7Q0  O 

i  oy  /4 

7'^9  A 

70  1  Q 

7  1  Q  Q 

77ft  Q 

DUU 

79R  0 

709  n 

(\1 1 
O  /  1 

7'^P  1 
/  .3  0 . 1 

Oo^ 

7f^0  9 

ft  1  ft  /I 

Ci7.J 

7f^9  ^ 
/  D<;.0 

ft'^  1 

70  1 

11 A  A 

ft/Id  ft 

71 

<  OO.i> 

ft^^ft  n 

79  n 

70ft  n 

ft7l  9 

I'M 

ft  1  0  7 

ftftd.  A 

7dQ 
<  40 

ft99  ft 

oy  <  .0 

t  %JV 

ft^d  0 

770 

ftzL7  0 

09  1  0 

i7.44:  U 

7>^1 

1  0 1 

ft^O  1 

0^7  9 
yo  <  .<4 

7Q9 

ft7  1  9 

0^0  A 

ouo 

ooo.o 

Of^*^  ^? 

JuO.  o 

o  i-yr 

ftO^  A 

07fi  e 

007 

yy  /  .0 

QoO  n 
y  ju.u 

7^K 

0  1  0 

y  1 J  o 

1  00'^  9 

WA7 

0*^  1  7 

J-U  i  U.'i 

oOo 

CiA'i  ft 

1 090 

ooy 

0^^  0 

yoo.y 

1  OlO  Q 
1  U4'w.o 

ooiJ 

yoo  u 

lUOD.U 

UJ  i 

OftO  1 

you.  1 

yuj 

yy -i.^ 

1  0ft9  A 

1  UU4.0 

j  nnc: 
1  uyo.o 

QO/I 

1  1  Oft. ft 

yj.D 

1  fV9ft  ^ 

1  1  99  0 

y-io 

1  OdO 

1  1  9 

yo  / 

1  1  ztft  /I 

1  1  4:0.'* 

y  Do 

1  O^-'J.  ft 

1 1 ul .0 

070 

y  /  u 

1  f\i(^  n 

1  1  7/1  Q 

000 

lofto  n 

1 1  ftft  n 

1001 

UOl.I 

1201.2 

1012 

1113.2 

1214.4 

1023 

U25.3 

1227.6 

1034 

1137.4 

1240.8 

1045 

1149,5 

1254.0 

1056 

1161.6 

1267.2 

1067 

1173.7 

1280.4 

1078 

1185.8 

1293.6 

1039 

1197.9 

1306.8 

1100 

1210.0 

1320  0 

STEAM  POWER.         1  ^      ^  "/"/X  43 
ExAMPLEo  \  '  >  \ 

Requiredj  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  |>er  day^  5to 
supply  an  engine,  the  calculated  power  of  which  is  40  hdi^e 
power — find  40  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse  Bowe^," 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  IS-  rft  the 
column  marked  Hours,''  will  be  found  528  cubic  feet  of 
water.— ^fi^wef. 


Example, 

Required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  per  day 
(12  hours),  to  supply  an  engine,  the  calculated  power  being 
90  horse  power— find  90  in  the  column  marked  "Horse 
Power,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  12 
m  the  column  marked  "  Hours,^'  will  be  found  1188  cubic 
feet. — Answer, 

The  following  table  shows  the  mean  pressure  of  steam 
upon  piston,  when  acting  expansively— the  column  marked 
Pressure,''  shows  the  pressure  of  the  steam  when  it  enters 
the  cylinder,  the  column  marked  "  Cut  off,"  shows  what 
portion  of  the  whole  length  of  the  cylinder  the  piston  has 
moved  when  the  steam  is  cut  off. 


Example, 

The  effective  pressure  of  steam  upon  piston,  before  it 
is  cut  off,  or  at  the  commencement  of  the  stroke,  is  60  pounds 
per  inch ;  the  steam  being  cut  off  at  the  length  of  the 
stroke  :  required,  the  mean  effective  pressure— find  60  in  the 
column  marked  Pressure,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  f  in  the  column  marked  "Cut  off,"  will  be 
found  51.12  pounds  pressure ;  in  ordinary  calculations  the 
fractions  in  this  table  may  be  omitted  ;  if  the  fraction  exceeds 
half  a  unit,  add  one  to  the  pressure;  suppose  the  pressure 
was  51,7,  then  add  one  to  51  which  gives  52,  but  if  the 


44 


MECHANICAL  PRmciPIA. 


pressure  was  51.4,  the  fraction  can  be  omitted,  which  gives 
51  pounds  pressure. — Answer. 

Example. 

The  effective  pressure  at  the  commencement  of  the  stroke 
is  120,  the  steam  being  cut  off  at  ^  the  length  of  the  stroke  ; 
required,  the  mean  effective  pressure — find  120  in  the  col- 
umn marked  Pressure,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  f  in  the  column  marked  "  Cut  off,"  will  be 
found  102.24  pounds  mean  effective  pressure. — Answer. 


No.  5. 


6 

CUT  OFF. 

Press 

1-8 

2-8 

3-8 

4-8 

5-8 

6-8 

7-8 

10 

4.16 

6.07 

7.54 

8.52 

9.19 

9  67 

9.92 

11 

4.57 

6.67 

8.29 

9  37 

10.10 

10  63 

10.91 

12 

4  99 

7.28 

9. 04 

10.22 

11.02 

11  60 

11.90 

13 

5.40 

7  89 

9.80 

11.07 

11.94 

12.57 

12.89 

14 

5.82 

8.49 

10  55 

11  92 

12  86 

ia.53 

13.88 

15 

6.24 

9.10 

11  31 

12.78 

13  78 

14.50 

14  88 

16 

6.65 

9  71 

12.06 

13.63 

14  70 

15  47 

15  87 

17 

7  07 

10  31 

12.81 

14.48 

15.62 

16.43 

16. 86 

18 

7.48 

10.92 

13.57 

15.3a 

16  54 

17.40 

17.85 

19 

7.90 

1 1 .53 

14.32 

16.18 

17.46 

18  37 

18.84 

20 

8.32 

12.14 

15.08 

17.04 

18  38 

19.34 

1984 

21 

8.73 

12.74 

15  83 

17.^^9 

19.29 

20.30 

20.83- 

22 

9.15 

13  35 

16.58 

18.74 

20.21 

21.27 

21. 82 

23 

9.56 

13.96 

1734 

19..59 

21.13 

2224 

22.81 

24 

9  98 

14  56 

18.09 

20.44 

22  05 

23  20 

23.80 

25 

10.40 

15.17 

18.85 

21  30 

22.97 

24.17 

24  80 

26 

1081 

15.78 

19.60 

22  15 

23  89 

25.14 

25  79 

27 

11.23 

16.38 

20.35 

23.00 

24.81 

26.10 

26.78 

28 

11.64 

16.99 

21.11 

23  85 

25.73 

27.07 

27-77 

29 

12.06 

17.60 

21.86 

24  70 

26.65 

28  04 

28.76 

30 

12.48 

18.21 

22  62 

25.56 

27.57 

29  01 

29.76 

31 

12  89 

18.81 

23.37 

26.41 

28.48 

29.97 

30. 75 

32 

13.31 

19.42 

24  12 

27  26 

29  40 

30  94 

31.74 

33 

13.72 

20  O:^ 

24.h8 

28  11 

30  32 

31  91 

32.73 

34 

14.14 

20.63 

25.63 

28.96 

31.24 

32.87 

33. 72 

35 

14.56 

21  24 

26.39 

29.82 

32.16 

33.84 

34  72 

36 

14.97 

21. 8o 

27.14 

30  67 

33  08 

34.81 

35  71 

37 

15.39 

22.45 

27  »9 

31.52 

34.00 

35  77 

36.7a 

33 

15.80 

23.06 

28.65 

32  37 

34.94 

36.74 

37  69 

39 

16.22 

23.67 

29.40 

33  22 

35.84 

37.71 

38-68 

STEABI  POWEK. 
5. — Continued. 


45 


6 

CUT  OFF. 

'  Press 

1-8 

2-8 

3  -8 

4-8 

5.8 


6-8 

7-8 

40 

16.64 

24.28 

30.16 

34.08 

36.76 

38,68 

 . 

39.68 

41 

17  05 

24.88 

30  91 

34.93 

37  67 

39.64 

40.67 

42 

1  7.47 

25.49 

31  66 

35  78 

38  59 

40  61 

41  66 

43 

1 7.b8 

26  10 

32  42 

36  63 

39  51 

41 .58 

42. 15 

44 

18.30 

26.70 

33  17 

37.48 

40.43 

42.54 

43.64 

45 

1 8 . 72 

27.31 

33  93 

38.34 

41.35 

43  51 

44  64 

46 

19.13 

27  92 

34.68 

39  19 

42.27 

44.48 

45.63 

47 

19  55 

28.52 

35  43 

40. (»4 

43  19 

45  44 

46  62 

48 

19.96 

29.13 

36.19 

40.89 

44.11 

46.41 

47.61 

49 

20  38 

29. 74 

36.94 

41.74 

45. 03 

47.38 

48.60 

50 

20  80 

30  35 

37  70 

42.60 

45.95 

48.35 

49.60 

51 

21.21 

30  95 

38  45 

43  45 

46.86 

49.31 

50  59 

52 

21  63 

3 1  56 

39. 20 

44.30 

47  78 

50.28 

51.58 

53 

22.04 

32.17 

39. 96 

45.15 

48.70 

51.25 

52.57 

54 

22  46 

32  77 

40  71 

46.00 

49  62 

52.21 

53  56 

55 

22.88 

33  38 

41. 47 

46.86 

50.54 

53 . 1 8 

5456 

56 

23.29 

33.99 

42.22 

47. 71 

51  46 

54.15 

55.55 

57 

23.71 

34.59 

42. 97 

48.56 

52  38 

55  1 1 

56. 54 

58 

24.12 

35  20 

43. 73 

49.41 

53. 30 

56.08 

57  53 

59 

24.54 

35  81 

44.48 

50  26 

54  22 

57.05 

58-52 

60 

24  96 

36.42 

45  24 

51.12 

55  14 

58.02 

59.52 

61 

25.37 

37.02 

45-99 

51  97 

56.05 

58.98 

60  51 

62 

25.79 

37.63 

46. 74 

52  82 

56.97 

59.95 

61-51 

63 

26.20 

38.24 

47  50 

53.67 

57.^9 

60.92 

62  49 

64 

26.62 

38.84 

48.25 

54.52 

58  81 

61.88 

63.48 

65 

27.(14 

39.45 

49  01 

55  38. 

59.73 

62.85 

64  48 

66 

27.45 

40.06 

49  76 

56  23 

60.65 

63  82 

65  47 

67 

27  87 

40.66 

50. 51 

57. OS 

61  57 

64.78 

66. 46 

68 

28.28 

41.27 

51.27 

57.93 

62  49 

65.75 

67  45 

69 

28  70 

41. e8 

52.  ('2 

58-78 

63.41 

66.72 

68.44 

70 

29.12 

42  49 

52.78 

59.64 

64  33 

67.69 

69.44 

71 

29  53 

43  09 

53  53 

60  49 

65.24 

68  65 

70.43 

72 

29  95 

43.70 

54.28 

61.34 

66.16 

69.62 

71.42 

/  o 

30.36 

44.31 

55.04 

62  19 

67.08 

70  59 

72.41 

74 

30.78 

44.9 1 

55.79 

63  04 

68.00 

71.55 

73.49 

75 

31. 20 

45  52 

5o  55 

63.90 

68.92 

72  52 

74.40 

76 

31  61 

46.13 

57.30 

64.75 

69.84 

73.49 

75  39 

77 

32.03 

46  73 

58.05 

65  60 

70.76 

74.45 

76.38 

78 

3244 

47.34 

58. HI 

66.45 

71.68 

75.42 

77.37 

79 

32.86 

47  95 

59.56 

67.30 

72.60 

76  39 

78.36 

80 

33.28 

4S.56 

60  32 

68  16 

73  52 

77.36 

79  36 

81 

33. 69 

49.16 

61.07 

69  01 

74  43 

78  33 

80.35 

82 

34.11 

49.77 

61.82 

69  h6 

75  35 

79  29 

81.34 

83 

34  52 

50.38 

62  58 

70.71 

76.27 

80.26 

82.33 

84 

3494 

50.98  1 

63  33 

71.56  1 

77.19 

81.22 

83  32 

i 


46 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPiA. 


Wo.  5. — Continued. 


Pressure. 

CUT  OFF. 

1  -o 

O  Q 

Q  Q 

o-o 

A  Q 

4-0 

0-0 

fi  Q 
O-O 

7  Q 
/  -0 

85 

Jo.oo 

51.59 

o4. Uy 

70  /10 

7Q  1  1 

QO  1  Q 

oz  ly 

Q/l  QO 
04.O/i 

86 

OD.l  i 

CO  on 

64.84 

70  07 

7Q  no 
/y.Uo 

QQ  1  fi 
OO.  I  0 

Q^i  Q  1 
00. ol 

87 

Q^^  1  Q 

oD.iy 

CO  Qn 

CC  CO 

oo.oy 

7/i  1  O 

7Q  dK. 

/y  .yo 

Q/l  1  O 
04. 1,4 

Qfi  QO 
OO.OU 

88 

OD.OU 

CQ  /I  1 
OO. 41 

oO.oO 

7/1  Q7 

Qn  Q7 

ou.o  / 

Qci  nQ 
00. uy 

Q7  OQ 

0  /  .,4y 

89 

Q7  no 

c/1  no 

C7  1  n 
0  /  .lU 

7^^  QO 

Q  1  7Q 

0 1.  /y 

Qfi  nfi 
oo.uo 

QQ  OQ 
00.<40 

90 

Q7  AA 

C  /I  fiQ 
04.D0 

^17  on 

0  /  oO 

7fi  flQ 
1  O.Oo 

QO  71 
0-i .  / 1 

Q7  nQ 
0  /  .Uo 

QQ  OQ 

91 

Q7  Qc; 

CC  O*} 

Oo-Ol 

77 

QQ  fiO 
00.0,4 

Q7  QQ 

0  /  .yy 

QO  07 

92 

QQ  07 

0D.O4 

oy  ot) 

7Q  QQ 
/O.OO 

Qi  ^A 
04.04 

QQ  Qfi 

oo.yo 

Ql  Ofi 

y  1  ..40 

93 

oO.Do 

CfJ  /I  c 

7n  1  o 

7Q  OQ 

Q'^  /Ifi 
00.40 

QQ  QQ 

oy.  yo 

00  O't 

94 

oj.LU 

CL7  nt;; 

7n  ft7 

Qn  nQ 

Qfi  QQ 
OO.oO 

Qn  QQ 

yu.oy 

QQ  OJ. 

95 

0  /  .DU 

71  fiQ 
f  l  OJ 

Qn  Q/l 
ou.y4 

Q7  Qn 
0  /  .oU 

Ql  Qfi 
y  1  .OO 

Q/L  OA 

9d 

QQ  QQ 

07 

70 

Ql  7Q 

Ol.  /  y 

QQ  00 

QO  QQ 
»/,4.0o 

Q£^  OQ 

97 

4U.oD 

f^ft  Q7 

7Q  1  Q 

iO'io 

QO  C\A 
O/^.04 

QQ  1  A 
oy  .14 

QQ  7Q 

yoe  /y 

Qfi  00 

98 

/in  7^i 
4U.  /  O 

f;Q  A9. 

oy  .40 

7Q  8Q 

/o-oy 

QQ  /IQ 
OO  .4y 

on  nfi 
yu.uo 

Qzl  7fi 

y4.  /  0 

Q7  01 

99 

Al  1  Q 
41  •  lo 

fjn  no 
Du.uy 

7/1  fi/1 
<404 

QJ.  Q'l 
04, o4 

Qn  QQ 

yu.yo 

Qf;  7Q 

yo.  /  o 

QQ  on 
yo.,4u 

loo 

/1 1  fin 

41  .DU 

fin  70 

<  0  4U 

Q^^  on 

0 1  on 
y  i.yu 

Qfi  7n 
y  0.  /  u 

QQ  on 
yy  .^u 

101 

/10  01 

fii  Qn 

Ol  .oU 

7fi  1 

/o.io 

Qfi  nc; 

OO. uo 

QO  Ql 

y,<5.oi 

Q7  fifi 

y  /  .00 

1  nn  1 Q 

*  UU.  1 J 

102 

/lO  zLQ 
4^4  4CJ 

o  1  .y  1 

7f;  Qn 
/  o.yu 

Qfi  on 
oo.yu 

QQ  7Q 

yo.  io 

QQ  fiQ 

yo.oo 

1  ni  1 Q 

J-Ul .  1  0 

103 

4'i.04 

fio  c;o 

77  fifi 
/  /  .00 

Q7  7p; 

O  /  .  /  0 

Q'l  fi^i 

y4.oo 

QQ  fin 
yy  .OU 

ino  1 7 

104 

/f^  Of; 

7Q  A^ 

/0.41 

QQ  fin 
oo.ou 

Qf^  ^1 

yo.o  / 

1  nn  ^fi 

lUU.OO 

1  nQ  1  fi 

Uo.  lO 

105 

4C>  -Oo 

flQ  7Q 
Do.  / «3 

7Q  1  7 

/y.i  / 

QQ  /Ifi 
oy  .40 

Qfi  /IQ 

y  o.4y 

1  n  1  c;q 

lUl.Oo 

1  (\A  1  fi 
.IU4.10 

106 

AA  HQ 

44. uy 

04. o4 

70  QO 

/y  .y,4 

QO  Ql 

Q7  41 

y  /  .41 

1  no  c;n 

1U,4. OU 

1  n^;  1 
auo  io 

107 

44.  Oi 

04. y4 

Qn  fi7 
ou.o  / 

Ql  Ifi 

y  1.10 

QQ  QQ 

yo.oo 

1  HQ  A  fi 
lUo.40 

1  nfi  14 
-lUO.  14 

108 

/lA  QO 
44  y.4 

00.00 

Q  1  AQ 
Ol.4o 

QO  ni 

QQ  Of^ 

yy  .,40 

1(\A  /I  Q 
1U4.40 

1  n7  1 Q 

±U  /  .lo 

109 

/I 

40.'54 

OD  1  0 

90  1  Q 

QO  Qfi 

y/4.00 

1  nn  1 7 

1  nc  /ifi 
1U0.41/ 

1  nQ  1 0 

110 

40.  <  O 

fifi  77 
OO.  /  / 

QO  Q/l 

0'4.y4 

QQ  70 

1  n  1  no 
J-U 1  .uy 

1  nfi  Q7 

lUO.o  / 

1  no  1 0 
luy,  1,4 

111 

46.17 

67.37 

83.69 

94.57 

102.00 

107.33 

uo.u 

112 

46.59 

67.98 

84.44 

95.42 

102.92 

108  30 

111.10 

113 

47.00 

68.59 

85.20 

96.27 

103.84 

109.27 

112.09 

114 

47.42 

69.19 

85  95 

97.12 

104  76 

110.23 

113.08 

115 

47.84 

69.80 

86.71 

97.98 

105.68 

111.10 

114,08 

116 

48.25 

70.41 

87.46 

98.83 

106  60 

112.17 

115  07 

117 

48.67 

71.01 

88.21 

99  68 

107  52 

113.13 

116.06 

118 

49.08 

71.62 

88.97 

100.53 

108.44 

11410 

117.05 

119 

49.50 

72.23 

89-72 

101.38 

109.36 

115.07 

118.04 

120 

49.92 

72.84 

90.48 

102.24 

110.28 

116.04 

119.04 

STSAM  POWER. 


4? 


The  following  table  shov/s  the  horse  power  of  the  con- 
densing and  non-condensing  engines — the  column  marked 
Pressure,"  shows  the  effective  pressure  per  square  inch 
upon  piston,  the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  shows  the 
diameter  of  the  cylinder  in  inches  :  the  piston  is  calculated  to 
move  100  feet  per  minute,  the  power  of  the  engine  varies  as 
the  velocity  of  the  piston ;  hence,  if  any  velocity  is  divided 
by  100,  and  multiplied  by  the  number  of  horse  power  found 
in  the  table  due  to  100,  the  result  will  give  the  number  of 
horse  power  due  to  that  velocity. 

Example. 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  an  engine,  the  diameter  of 
the  cylinder  being  14  inches,  the  effective  pressure  being  50 
pounds  per  square  inch,  and  the  velocity  of  the  piston  being 
300  feet  per  minute — find  14  in  the  column  marked  Diam- 
eter," opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  50  in 
the  column  marked  ^'  Pressure,"  Vv^ill  be  found  23.32,  which 
is  the  horse  power  of  the  engine  when  the  piston  moves  100 
feet  per  minute ;  as  the  piston  moves  300  feet,  multiply 
28.32  by  ^{^^  or  3,00,  w^hich  gives  69.96  horse  powder. — 
Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  an  engine,  the  diameter  of 
the  cylinder  being  18  inches,  the  effective  pressure  per  inch 
being  60  pounds,  and  the  velocity  of  the  piston  being  275 
feet  per  minute — find  18  in  the  column  marked  "Diameter," 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  60  in  the  col- 
umn marked  "  Pressure,"  will  be  found  46.26,  which  mul- 
tiplied by  2.75,  gives  127.21  horse  ^ower^—Ansroer, 


48 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


No.  G. 


leter. 

PRESSURE. 

DiaiYi 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

— 

8 

1.52 

1.67 

1.83 

1.98 

2.13 

2.28 

2.44 

2  59 

2.74 

2.89 

9 

1.93 

2.12 

2.31 

251 

2.70 

2.89 

3.08 

3.27 

3.46 

3.66 

JO 

2.38 

2.62 

2.85 

3.09 

3.33 

3.57 

3.80 

4.04 

4.28 

4.52 

11 

2.88 

3.16 

3.45 

3.74 

4.03 

4.32 

4.61 

4.89 

5.18 

5.47 

12 

3.43 

3.77 

4.11 

4.45 

4.79 

5.14 

5  48 

5.82 

6.17 

6.51 

13 

4  02 

4.42 

4.82 

5  22 

5  63 

6.03 

6.43 

6  83 

7.24 

7.64 

14 

4.66 

5.13 

5.59 

6.06 

6.52 

6.99 

7.46 

7.92 

8.39 

8.86 

15 

5  35 

5.89 

6.42 

6.96 

7  49 

8.03 

8.56 

9.10 

963 

10.17 

16 

6.09 

6.70 

7.31 

7.92 

8.53 

9.14 

9.75 

10.35 

10.97 

11.57 

17 

6.87 

7.50 

8.25 

8.94 

9.63 

10.31 

11.00 

11.68 

12  37 

13.06 

18 

7.71 

8.48 

9.25 

10.02 

10.79 

11.56 

12.33 

13  11 

13.88 

14.65 

19 

8.59 

9.45 

1031 

11.17 

12.02 

12.88 

13.74 

1460 

15.46 

16.32 

20 

9.52 

10.47 

11.42 

12.37 

13  32 

14.28 

15.23 

16  18 

17.13 

18.08 

21 

10.49 

11.54 

1259 

13.64 

14.69 

15.74 

16  79 

17.84 

18.89 

19.94 

22 

11.52 

12.67 

13.82 

14.97 

16.12 

17.28 

18.43 

19.58 

20.73 

21.88 

23 

12.59 

13.84 

15.10 

16.36 

17.62 

18.88 

20.14 

21.40 

22.66 

23.92 

24 

13.70 

15.07 

16.45 

17.82 

19.19 

20.56 

21.93 

23.31 

24.67 

26.04 

25 

14  87 

16.30 

17.85 

19  33 

20  82 

22.31 

23.80 

25.28 

26.77 

28  20 

26 

16.09 

17.69 

19.30 

20.91 

22.52 

24.13 

25.74 

27.35 

28.96 

30.56 

27 

17.35 

19.08 

20.82 

22.55 

24  29 

26.02 

27.76 

29.49 

31.23 

32.96 

28 

18.66 

20.52 

22  39 

24.25 

26  12 

27.98 

29.85 

31.72 

33.58 

35.45 

29 

20.01 

22.01 

24.01 

26.01 

28.02 

30.02 

32.02 

34.02 

36.02 

38.02 

30 

21.42 

23.56 

25.70 

27.84 

29  98 

32.13 

34.27 

36.41 

38..55 

40.69 

31 

22  87 

25.15 

27.44 

29.73 

32.01 

34.30 

36.59 

38.88 

41.16 

43.45 

32 

24.37 

26.80 

29  24 

31.68 

34  11 

36.55 

38.99 

4143 

43.86 

46.30 

33 

25.91 

28.50 

31.10 

33.69 

36.28 

38.87 

41.46 

44.06 

46.65 

49  24 

34 

27.51 

30.26 

33.01 

35.76 

38.51 

41.26 

44.02 

46.77 

49.52 

52.27 

35 

29.15 

32.07 

34.98 

37.90 

40.81 

43  73 

46.64 

49.56 

52.47 

55.39 

86 

30.84 

33.92 

37.01 

40.09 

43.18 

46.26 

49.34 

52.43 

55.51 

58  60 

37 

32.58 

35.83 

30.09 

42.35 

45.61 

48.87 

52.12 

55.38 

58.64 

61.90 

38 

34  36 

37  80 

41.23 

44.67 

48.11 

51.54 

54.98 

58.42 

61.85 

65.29 

39 

3n.20 

39.82 

4344 

47.06 

50.68 

54.30 

57.92 

GISA 

65  16 

68.78 

40 

38.08 

41.88 

45.69 

49.50 

53.31 

57.12 

60.92 

64.73 

68.54 

72.35 

41 

40.01 

44.00 

48.00 

52.00 

56.00 

60.00 

04.00 

68.01 

72  01 

76.01 

42 

41.98 

46.18 

50.37 

54.57 

58.77 

62.97 

67.17 

71.36 

75.56 

79.76 

43 

44.01 

48.40 

52.80 

57.20 

61.61 

06.00 

70.40 

74.81 

79.21 

83.61 

44 

46.07 

50.68 

55.29 

59.89 

64.50 

69.11 

73.72 

78.32 

82.93 

87.54 

45 

48.19 

53.01 

57.83 

62.65 

67.47 

72.29 

77.11 

81.92 

86.74 

91.56 

46 

50.36 

55.39 

60.43 

65.46 

70  50 

75.54 

80.57 

85  61 

90.64 

95.68 

47 

5-2.57 

57.83 

63.08 

68.34 

73.60 

78^85 

84^11 

89.37 

94.63 

99!88 

48 

54.83 

60.31 

05.79 

71  28 

76.76 

82.24 

87.73 

93  21 

98.69 

104.18 

49 

57.14 

62.85 

68.57 

74.28 

79  99 

85.71 

91.42 

97.14 

102.85 

108.56 

50 

59.. 50 

65.45 

71.40 

77.35 

83.30 

89.25 

95.20 

101.15 

107.10 

113.05 

51 

(iJ.90 

68.09 

74.28 

80.47 

86.66 

92.85 

99.04 

105.23 

111.42 

117.61 

52 

64.35 

70.78 

77.22 

83.66 

90.09 

96.53 

102.96 

109.40 

115.83 

122.27 

53 

(56.85 

73.53 

8022 

86.90 

93..59 

100.27 

106.96 

113.64 

120.33 

127.01 

54 

69.40 

76.34 

83  28 

90.22 

97.16 

104.10 

111.04 

117.98 

124.92 

131.86 

55 

71.99 

79.19 

86.39 

93  59 

100.79 

107.99 

115.19 

122  38 

129.58 

136.78 

56 

74.63 

82.09  , 

89.56 

97.02 

104.49 

111.95 

119.41 

126.88 

134. .34 

141.80 

57 

77.32 

85.05 

92.78 

100.52 

108.25 

115.98 

123.71 

131.45 

139.17 

146.91 

58 

80.06 
82.84 

88.06 

96.07 

104.07 

112.08 

120.09 

128.09 

136.10 

144.10 

152.11 

59 

91.12 

99  41 

107.69 

115  98 

124.26 

132.55 

140.83 

149.12 

157.40 

60 

85.67 

94.24 

102.81 

11J.38 

1 19.95 

128.51 

137.03 

145.65 

154.22 

162.79 

STEAM  POWER. 
]¥o»  6. — Continued. 


49 


leter. 

PRESSURE. 

fa 
.5 
P 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

"~" 

8 

3  04 

3.19 

3-35 

3  50 

3  65 

3-81 

3  96 

'±.11 

4  26 

A 

4-41 

9 

3.85 

4.04 

4-24 

4  43 

4  '2 

4-82 

5  01 

5.20 

5.39 

5-59 

10 

4.76 

4-99 

5-23 

5  47 

5-71 

5  95 

6  19 

6  4*^ 

6.66 

6-90 

11 

0.  t  o 

6. 05 

6-33 

6  62 

6-9 1 

7-20 

7  49 

7  77 

8-35 

12 

6  85 

7. 19 

7-54 

7  88 

8  22 

8-56 

8  91 

9.35 

9.. 59 

9-94 

13 

8.04 

8.44 

8-84 

9  25 

9.65 

10-05 

10  46 

10.86 

1 1  Ofi 
1  l.^D 

11  66 

14 

9.32 

9.79 

10-26 

10.73 

11.19 

11-66 

12  12 

12  59 

13  05 

13  52 

15 

10.71 

1 1 .24 

11  78 

12.31 

12-85 

13.38 

13  92 

14  99 

1.5  52 

16 

12.18 

12  79 

13-41 

14.01 

14-62 

15.23 

15  84 

16.45 

17  06 

17  67 

17 

13.75 

14-44 

15-13 

15.82 

16  51 

17.19 

17  88 

18  57 

19  26 

19  94 

18 

1542 

16- 19 

16-96 

17  73 

18  51 

19.28 

21.59 

22  36 

19 

17- 18 

18-04 

18-90 

19  76 

20  62 

21.48 

22  33 

24-91 

20 

19-04 

19-99 

20  94 

21.89 

22.84 

23.80 

24  75 

25  70 

^6  65 

27  60 

O  I 

20-99 

22-04 

23.09 

24.14 

25  - 1 9 

26.24 

27  29 

28.34 

29  39 

30  44 

22 

23.04 

24-19 

25.34 

26-49 

27.65 

28.80 

29  95 

31.10 

32  2.5 

33  41 

23 

2,5-18 

26-43 

27.69 

28  95 

30  21 

31.47 

32  73 

33  99 

36  51 

24 

27-41 

28-78 

30. 15 

31.53 

30  90 

34*27 

35  64 

37  Ol 

38  ^8 

39-75 

25 

29-75 

31-23 

32.72 

34.21 

35.70 

37.18 

38  66 

40  16 

4 1  65 

43-13 

32- 17 

33-78 

35.39 

37  00 

38-61 

40.22 

41  83 

4.3  44 

^5  05 

46.65 

27 

34-70 

36-43 

38.17 

39.90 

41  64 

43.37 

45  11 

46  84 

48.58 

50-31 

28 

37-31 

39-18 

41.04 

42-91 

44  78 

46.64 

48  51 

50  37 

52.24 

54-11 

29 

40-03 

42-03 

44.03 

46-03 

4«  03 

50.03 

52  03 

54  04 

58-04 

30 

42  84 

44-98 

47.12 

49  26 

51  41 

53  55 

55  69 

57.83 

59  97 

62- 12 

31 

45-74 

48-02 

50-31 

59.  (3Q 

54  89 

57.17 

59  46 

01  -  /O 

66-32 

32 

48-74 

51-17 

53-61 

56.05 

58  49 

60.92 

63  36 

68  23 

70.67 

33 

51-83 

54-42 

57-01 

02  20 

64.79 

g7  3g 

72.57 

75- 16 

34 

55-02 

57-77 

60-52 

6.3.27 

66  03 

68.78 

71  53 

77  03 

79-78 

35 

58-31 

61  22 

64-14 

69  97 

72.88 

/8./ 1 

81.63 

84-54 

36 

61-68 

64  77 

67-85 

70.93 

74-02 

77.10 

80  19 

83  27 

86  36 

89-44 

37 

65-16 

68-4 1 

7l  67 

74  93 

78  19 

81  4.5 

84  70 

87  96 

94-48 

38 

68-73 

72  16 

75  60 

79  04 

8'^  47 

85  91 

89  35 

92  78 

96  22 

99-66 

39 

72-40 

76  02 

79-64 

8.3.26 

86  88 

90  .50 

94  12 

101  36 

104.98 

40 

76- 16 

79-97 

83.77 

87  58 

9!  39 

95.20 

99  01 

102  81 

106.62 

110.43 

41 

80  01 

84  0 1 

88«01 

92  01 

90-0 1 

100  01 

104  01 

112  01 

1 16  01 

42 

83  96 

88*  16 

92.36 

96  55 

1 00  75 

1 04  9.5 

109  1.5 

1 13  35 

1 J  7 .54 

121-74 

43 

88-01 

92-41 

96-81 

101  21 

10-5. 6  J 

110  01 

1 14  41 

118  81 

1 2-3  2 1 

127  61 

44 

92- 15 

9G'75 

10 1 -36 

105-97 

110  58 

115  19 

133-62 

45 

96  38 

101-20 

106-02 

110.84 

115.66 

1 20*48 

12530 

1.30J2 

134  94 

J  39 -76 

45 

100-72 

105-75 

11079 

115-83 

120.86 

125.90 

130.93 

13-5.97 

14101 

146-04 

47 

105  14 

110-40 

115.66 

120.91 

126.17 

131.43 

136  68 

141.94 

147.20 

1.52.46 

48 

109-66 

115-14 

120.63 

126  11 

131.59 

137.08 

142.56 

148,04 

153  53 

159.01 

49 

114-23 

119. 99 

125  71 

131.42 

137.14 

142.85 

148..56 

1.54.28 

J  59.99 

165-71 

50 

119-00 

124-95 

130.90 

136.85 

14-2.80 

148.75 

1.54.70 

160.65 

166.60 

172. 55 

51 

123-80 

129-99 

1.36-18 

142.37 

148-56 

154.75 

11)0.94 

167.13 

173.32 

179-51 

52 

128-70 

135  14 

14 1. 57 

148.01 

154-44 

160.88 

167.32 

173  75 

180.19 

186-62 

53 

133-70 

140  38 

147-07 

153-75 

160.44 

167- 12 

173.81 

180.49 

187.18 

J93.86 

54 

138  80 

145  74 

1.52.68 

159.62 

166.56 

173-50 

180.44 

187.38 

194. .32 

201-26 

55 

143-98 

151-18 

158.38 

165.58 

172-78 

179-98 

187.18 

194.38 

201.58 

208.78 

56 

149-27 

156-73 

164-19 

171.66 

179-12 

186  .59 

194.05 

201.51 

208.98 

216.44 

57 

154  64 

162-38 

170  11 

177-84 

185-57 

193.31 

201.04 

208.77 

216,50 

224.23 

58 

160.12 

168-12 

176.13 

184-14 

192-14 

200.15 

208.15 

216.16 

224.17 

2.32.]  7 

59 

165.69 

173-97 

182.25 

190.54 

198-82 

207.11 

215.39 

223.68 

231.96 

240-25 

60 

171.35 

179.92 

18S.49 

197.06 

205.62 

214.19 

222.76 

231.33 

239.90 

248.46 

50 


MECHANICAL  TRINCIPIA. 


No.  6. — Continued. 


PRESSURE. 


s 

Q 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

o 

4.57 

4  72 

4.87 

5  02 

5.17 

5.33 

5.48 

5.63 

5.78 

5.94 

9 

5.78 

5  97 

6  17 

6  36 

6.55 

6.74 

6.94 

7.13 

7.32 

7.51 

iO 

7.14 

7  37 

7  61 

7  85 

8.09 

8.33 

8.56 

8  80 

9  04 

9.28 

11 

8.64 

8  93 

9  21 

9  .50 

9.79 

10.08 

10.36 

10  65 

lO  94 

11.23 

TO 

10.28 

10  62 

10  96 

ll  31 

11.65 

11.99 

12  34 

12  68 

13  02 

13.36 

13 

12.06 

12  46 

12  87 

13  27 

13.67 

14.07 

14.47 

14  88 

15  28 

15.68 

14 

13  99 

14  46 

14  92 

15  39 

15.86 

16.32 

16.79 

17  26 

17  72 

18.18 

15 

16.06 

16  60 

17  13 

17  67 

18,20 

18.74 

19.27 

19  81 

20  34 

20  88 

16 

18.28 

18  89 

19  50 

20  11 

20,72 

21.33 

21.03 

22  54 

23  15 

23.76 

17 

20  63 

21  32 

22  01 

22  69 

23*38 

24.07 

24.76 

25.44 

26*13 

26.82 

18 

23.13 

2.3  90 

24  67 

25  44 

26-22 

26.99 

27.76 

28.5.3 

29*30 

30-07 

19 

25.77 

26  63 

27.49 

28.35 

29.21 

30.06 

30.92 

31.78 

32.64 

33.50 

20 

28.56 

29  .51 

30.46 

31.41 

32^36 

33.32 

34.27 

35  22 

36-17 

37.12 

21 

31.49 

32  52 

33.58 

34.63 

35.68 

36  73 

37.78 

38.83 

39.88 

40.93 

22 

34. 56 

35  71 

36.86 

38.01 

39.16 

40.32 

41 .47 

42.62 

43.77 

44.92 

23 

37.77 

39  02 

40.28 

4  J  54 

42.80 

44.06 

45.32 

46.58 

47.84 

49.10 

24 

4 1 .12 

42  49 

43.86 

45.23 

46.60 

47.98 

49.35 

50,72 

52.09 

53.46 

25 

44.62 

46  1 1 

47.60 

49.08 

50^57 

52.06 

53.55 

55.03 

56.52 

58.01 

26 

48.26 

49  87 

51.48 

53.09 

54.70 

56.31 

57.92 

59,52 

61.13 

62-74 

27 

52.05 

53  78 

55.52 

57  25 

58.99 

60.72 

62  46 

64  19 

(55  93 

67.66 

28 

5.5.97 

57.84 

59.70 

61.57 

63.43 

65.30 

67. 17 

69,03 

70  90 

72.77 

29 

62.04 

64.04 

66.04 

68.05 

70. 05 

72.05 

74  05 

76  05 

78.05 

30 

64  26 

6640 

68. 54 

70.68 

72.83 

74.97 

77.11 

79-25 

81  39 

83.53 

31 

68.61 

70  89 

73.18 

75  47 

77.75 

80.04 

82  33 

84-62 

86  90 

89-19 

32 

73.11 

75.54 

77.98 

80  42 

82.85 

85.29 

87  73 

90.17 

92  61 

95-04 

33 

77.75 

80  34 

82. 93 

85.52 

88.12 

90.71 

93  .30 

95-89 

98.48 

101-07 

U'4 

82.53 

85  29 

88.04 

90  79 

93.54 

96.29 

104  54 

35 

87.46 

90  38 

93.29 

96  21 

99.12 

102  04 

104  9.5 

107  87 

1 10  78 

IT}  7n 

36 

92.52 

95  61 

98.69 

101  78 

104.86 

1(*7  95 

1 14.1 1 

117  on 

120-28 

37 

97.74 

100  99 

104.25 

107  51 

1 10.77 

114  03 

117  28 

120  54 

127-06 

38 

103.09 

106  53 

109.97 

1 13  40 

1 16.84 

120  28 

123.71 

127  15 

130-59 

134.02 

39 

108.60 

112  22 

1 1 5.84 

119  46 

123.08 

126,70 

130.32 

133  94 

137-56 

141.18 

40 

114.24 

1 18  04 

121 .85 

125  66 

129.47 

133.28 

137.08 

140  89 

J4C.01 

4] 

120.01 

124.01 

128.01 

132  01 

136.02 

140  02 

144.02 

148  02 

1.56.02 

42 

125-94 

130. 14 

134. 34 

138  54 

142.73 

1^16  93 

151.13 

155  33 

1-59-53 

163-72 

43 

132. 01 

1 36. 41 

140.81 

J45  21 

149.62 

154  02 

1.58.42 

162  82 

167-22 

171-62 

44 

142. 8.3 

247.44 

1.52  05 

156.65 

161.26 

165.87 

170  48 

175. 08 

179-69 

45 

144.58 

149.40 

1.54.21 

159.03 

1(33!85 

168^67 

173.49 

178!31 

183.13 

187-95 

46 

151.08 

156.11 

161.15 

166.19 

171.22 

176.26 

181.29 

186,33 

191.37 

196-40 

47 

157.71 

162.97 

168.23 

173  49 

178.74 

184.00 

189.26 

194..52 

199.77 

205-03 

48 

164.49 

16998 

175.46 

180.94 

186.43 

191.91 

1!'.7.39 

202.88 

208  36 

213.84 

49 

171.42 

177.14 

1S2.85 

188.56 

194.23 

199.99 

205.71 

211,42 

217.13 

222-85 

50 

178.50 

184.45 

190.40 

196.35 

202.30 

208.25 

214.20 

220,15 

226.10 

232.05 

51 

185.70 

191  89 

198.08 

204.27 

210.47 

216.66 

222.85 

229.04 

235,23 

241-42 

52 

193.06 

199.49 

205.93 

212.38 

218.80 

225.23 

231,67 

238.10 

244.54 

250.98 

53 

200.55 

207.23 

21392 

220.60 

227  29 

233  97 

240,66 

247.34 

254.03 

260-71 

54 

20820 

21.5.14 

222.08 

229.02 

235.96 

242.90 

249.84 

256-78 

263.72 

270.66 

55 

215.98 

223. 18 

230.38 

237.58 

244.77 

251.97 

259.17 

266.37 

273.57 

280.77 

56 

223.90 

2.31.37 

238.83 

246.29 

2.53.76 

261.22 

268.68 

276.15 

283.61 

291.08 

57 

231.97 

239.70 

247.43 

2.55.16 

262.90 

270.63 

278.36 

286.09 

293.83 

301-56 

58 

240.18 

248.18 

2.56.19 

264.20 

272.20 

280.21 

288.21 

296.22 

304.23 

312.23 

59 

248.53 

2.56.81 

265.10 

273.38 

281.67 

289.95 

298.24 

.306,52 

314.81 

323.09 

60 

257.03 

265.60 

274.17 

2rf2.74 

291.30 

299.87 

308.44 

317.01 

325,58 

334.14 

STEAM  POWER. 


61 


No*  6. — Continued, 


PRESSURE. 


Diam 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

8 

6.09 

P. 24 

6.39 

6.54 

6.70 

6-85 

7.01 

7.16 

7.31 

7.46 

9 

7.71 

7  90 

8.09 

8  28 

8.48 

8-67 

886 

9.05 

9.25 

9. 44 

10 

9.52 

9.75 

9.99 

10  23 

10.47 

10-71 

10.94 

11.18 

11  42 

11.66 

11 

11.52 

11.81 

12  09 

12  33 

12.67 

12-96 

13.24 

13.53 

13.82 

14.11 

12 

13.71 

14.05 

14.39 

14.73 

15.07 

15-42 

15.76 

16.10 

16.45 

16.79 

13 

16.08 

16.49 

16.89 

17.29 

17.69 

18-09 

18.50 

18.90 

19.31 

19  71 

14 

18.65 

19.12 

19.58 

20.05 

20.52 

20-98 

21.45 

21.92 

22.38 

22.85 

15 

21.42 

21.95 

22.49 

23.02 

23-56 

24-09 

24.63 

25.16 

25.70 

26.23 

16 

24.37 

24.98 

25.59 

26.21 

26-81 

27-42 

28.03 

28.64 

29.25 

29.86 

17 

27.51 

28.19 

28.88 

29.57 

30-26 

30-95 

31.64 

32.32 

33.01 

33.70 

18 

30.84 

31.61 

32.38 

33.15 

33-93 

34-69 

35.47 

36.24 

37.01 

37.78 

19 

34-36 

35.22 

36.08 

36.94 

37-80 

38-66 

3951 

40.37 

41.23 

42.09 

20 

38-08 

39.03 

39.98 

40.93 

41-88 

42.84 

43.78 

44.74 

45.69 

46.64 

21 

41-98 

43  03 

44.08 

45.13 

46- 18 

47-23 

48.28 

49.33 

50.38 

51.43 

22 

46-08 

47.23 

48.38 

49.53 

50-68 

51-84 

52. 99 

54.14 

55.29 

56.44 

23 

50  36 

51.61 

52.87 

54. 13 

55  39 

56-65 

57.91 

59.17 

60.43 

61.69 

24 

54  83 

56.20 

57.57 

58.94 

60-31 

61-68 

63.06 

64.43 

65.80 

6717 

25 

59-50 

60.98 

62. 47 

63.96 

65-45 

66-93 

68.42 

69.91 

71.40 

72.88 

26 

64-35 

65-96 

67.57 

69.18 

70.79 

72.40 

74.00 

75.61 

77  22 

78.83 

27 

69-40 

7M3 

72.87 

74.60 

76-34 

78.07 

79.81 

81. 54 

83.28 

85-01 

28 

74. 63 

76  50 

78.36 

80.23 

82.09 

83.96 

85.83 

87.69 

89  56 

91-42 

29  1 

80-06 

82  06 

84.06 

86.06 

88.06 

90.06 

92.06 

94.07 

96.07 

98.07 

30 

85.68 

87-82 

89.96 

92.10 

94.24 

96.40 

98.53 

100.67 

102.81 

104.95 

31 

91-48 

93-76 

96.05 

98.34 

100.62 

102.91 

105.20 

107.49 

109.77 

112  06 

32 

97.48 

99-91 

102.35 

104.79 

107.22 

109.66 

112.10 

114.54 

1 16.97 

119  41 

33 

103  66 

106-26 

108.85 

111.44 

114.03 

116.63 

119.22 

121.80 

124.40 

126.99 

34 

110.05 

112-80 

115.55 

118.30 

121.05 

123.80 

126.55 

12931 

132.06 

134  81 

35 

116.62 

119-53 

122  45 

125.36 

128.28 

131.19 

134.11 

137.02 

13994 

142.85 

36 

123.37 

126-45 

129.54 

132.62 

135.70 

138.79 

141.87 

144.96 

148.04 

151. 13 

37  i 

130.32 

133 -57 

136-83 

140.09 

143.35 

146.61 

149  86 

153  12 

156.38 

159. 64 

38; 

137.46 

140-90 

144-33 

147.77 

151.21 

154-64 

158.08 

161  52 

164.95 

168  39 

39 

144  80 

148-42 

152.04 

1.55.66 

1.59.28 

162-90 

166.52 

17014 

173.76 

177.38 

40 

152.32 

156-12 

159-93 

163.74 

167.55 

171-36 

17897 

182.78 

186-59 

41 

160.02 

164-02 

168.02 

172.02 

176.02 

180-02 

184.02 

188-02 

192.02 

196.02 

42 

167.92 

172.12 

176.32 

180.52 

184.72 

188-91 

193.11 

197  31 

201.51 

205.71 

43  1 

176.02 

180.42 

184.82 

189.22 

193.62 

198-02 

202.42 

206.82 

211.22 

215. 62 

44 

184.30 

188.91 

193.51 

198.12 

202.73 

207.34 

211.94 

216. 55 

221.16 

225.77 

45  I 

192.77 

197.59 

202.41 

207.23 

212.05 

216.87 

221.69 

226.51 

231.33 

236.14 

46  1 

201.44 

206.48 

211.51 

216.55 

221.58 

226.62 

231.66 

23669 

241  73 

246.76 

47  i 

210.29 

215. 54 

220.80 

226.06 

231.32 

238.57 

241.83 

247  09 

2.52.35 

257-60 

48  1 

219-33 

224.81 

230.29 

235.78 

241.26 

246.74 

2.52.23 

257.71 

263.19 

268-68 

49 

228-56 

234.28 

239.99 

245.71 

251.42 

257.13 

262.85 

268-56 

274.28 

279-99 

50 

238-00 

243.95 

249.90 

255.85 

261.80 

267.75 

273.70 

279-65 

285  60 

291-55 

51 

247-61 

2.53-80 

2.59.99 

266.18 

272.37 

278.56 

284.75 

290  94 

297.13 

303.33 

52 

257-41 

263-85 

270.28 

276.72 

283.15 

289.59 

296.02 

302.46 

308.89 

315.33 

53 

267  40 

274-08 

280.77 

287.45 

294.14 

300.82 

307.51 

314. 19 

320.88 

327.56 

54 

277.60 

284-54 

291.48 

298.42 

305.36 

312.30 

319.24 

326-18 

333.12 

340.06 

55 

287-97 

295.17 

302.37 

309. 57 

316.77 

323.97 

331.17 

33837 

345.57 

352.77 

56 

298. 54 

306.00 

313.47 

320.93 

328,39 

335.86 

343.32 

350-78 

353.25 

365.71 

57 

309.29 

317.02 

324.76 

332.49 

340.22 

347.95 

355.69 

363-42 

371.15 

378.88 

58 

320.24 

328.25 

336.25 

344.26 

352.26 

360.27 

368.28 

376-28 

384  29 

392.29 

59 

331.38 

339.66 

347.94 

356.23 

364.51 

372.80 

381.08 

389.37 

397.65 

405.94 

60 

342.71 

351.28 

359.85 

368.41 

376.98 

385.55 

304.12  1 

40269 

411.25 

419.82 

52 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


No*  6. — Continued. 


PRESSURE. 

Diarn 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

a 

7.61 

<  .76 

<-r  net 
7.92 

0.07 

8  22 

8.37 

0-52 

o-d8 

o.8,"{ 

8-98 

9 

9.63 

9.83 

10.02 

10.21 

10  4 1 

JU  Oy 

10.79 

10-98 

1 1 . 17 

11 .37 

10 

11.90 

12.14 

12. 37 

12.61 

12  8.5 

13-09 

1 3  •  .3.3 

13  56 

1,3.80 

14.04 

11 

14.41 

14.69 

14.97 

1.5 .5.5 

15-84 

Id  10 

JO.  IZ, 

16-41 

IR  71 
JO.  /  J 

16.99 

12 

17.13 

17.47 

17.82 

18.1b 

18  51 

18-84 

19-19 

19. ,54 

19.87 

20.22 

13 

20.11 

20. .51 

20.91 

21. .31 

21.72 

22-12 

22. 52 

22.92 

23.32 

23.73 

14 

23.32 

23.78 

04  OK 
ZO 

24  7 1 

lo 

25  -  6-5 

26.11 

26-58 

27  05 

27.51 

15 

26.77 

27.31 

28.38 

oi 

29-4.5 

29-98 

30 -,52 

31.05 

3 1 .59 

16 

30.47 

31.08 

31.69 

32  29 

33.5 1 

34- 12 

34.73 

3.5.34 

35-93 

17 

34.39 

35  07 

00.  /O 

00  4o 

37.14 

^7 

38.51 

39.21 

39-89 

40.58 

18 

38.55 

39  32 

43  63 

43. 18 

43,95 

44-72 

45,49 

19 

42. 95 

43  81 

44.0  / 

4.5  53 

46.39 

47  25 

48-11 

48-96 

49  83 

20 

47. 60 

48  55 

49. .50 

50  4.5 

51 .40 

52  36 

0.1  .-51 

54-26 

K'^  Q1 

5o.lo 

21 

52.48 

53  .53 

5.5  63 

56.68 

57  73 

on-  ni 

•59-83 

60  87 

61 ,92 

22 

57.60 

58  75 

61  0.5 

62  21 

63  36 

04.01 

6.5 . 66 

7^  no 

67  96 

23 

62.95 

64  20 

66  72 

67  98 

70-, 50 

71 .76 

70  ^1 

74  28 

24 

68.54 

69  91 

72  6.5 

74  O'^ 

/5.o9 

7^1  7R 
/O.  /O 

78. 13 

80  88 

25 

74  37 

75.86 

80  3.^^ 

8181 

8.3.30 

84.78 

80 -*7 

87.76 

26 

80.44 

82  05 

8.5  27 

86  88 

88.48 

?^ 

91.70 

93-31 

94.92 

27 

86.7.5 

88.48 

93  69 

9.5.42 

9/.  16 

98-89 

100-6.3 

10'^.  36 

28 

93  29 

95. 16 

97.02 

93.89 

1 00.7.5 

102.62 

104-49 

106-3.5 

1 10  08 

29 

100.07 

102.07 

104.07 

106.07 

iuo.i)7 

1 10-08 

112-08 

I  lo.08 

118.08 

30 

107.10 

109  24 

111.38 

1 15  66 

117  81 

119-95 

122  09 

124-23 

31 

114.35 

116  63 

121  21 

i^>>.4y 

ioe;  7S 

132  64 

134.94 

*?9 

121.85 

]24.2t'^ 

1^0.72 

129.16 

131. .59 

134.03 

J.50-47 

l.>8.91 

141 .34 

143.78 

33 

129. .59 

132. 18 

1.34.77 

13  /  .36 

1 39  9.5 

142-54 

145-14 

1 47  7.3 

1,50.32 

1,52. 91 

34 

1 37.56 

140  3 1 

143.06 

J40.O1 

148.57 

1  ^1  07 

156-82 

162.32 

35 

145.77 

148  69 

151.60 

1.54.. 52 

157.43 

160-35 

163  26 

17^  80 

lo9.09 

170  01 
J  1  z.yji 

36 

154.21 

157  29 

160.38 

166.. 5.5 

169.63 

170  70 

178  88 

101  07 

37 

]  62.90 

166. 1.5 

169  41 

1  i^.o7 

175.93 

179.19 

100  f1 

18,5.70 

188.96 

192-22 

38 

171.83 

17.5.26 

1 78  70 

182.1.3 

185. ,57 

189  01 

900  ^0 

19.5.88 

199.32 

202. 75 

39 

181.00 

184. ()2 

188.24 

191.86 

195.48 

199.10 

206  34 

2l3-,58 

40 

190.40 

194.21 

198.02 

201  82 

20.5.63 

onn  A  A 
ZU:j.44 

-41-1-24 

217.06 

220.86 

224  67 

4J 

onn  no 

204. 03 

208.03 

212.03 

216.03 

OOrt  fit 

224-03 

228.03 

232  03 

2H6.03 

42 

209.91 

218.30 

222.50 

226.70 

0'~>ri  on 

235.09 

oof»  00 

243.49 

247.69 

43 

ZZv  \J,i 

228.83 

23.3.23 

237.63 

242.03 

246.43 

25f).8.3 

25.5.2.3 

259  63 

44 

230. 38 

234  98 

239.59 

244.20 

248.81 

25.3.41 

2.58-02 

Of!0  fit 

zuz-yio 

267.24 

271.84 

45 

240. 96 

245.78 

250  60 

255.42 

260  24 

265  06 

269.88 

274.70 

279., 52 

234.34 

46 

251  80 

256.84 

261.87 

266.91 

27r94 

276.98 

282-02 

287.05 

292^09 

297^12 

47 

262  86 

268.12 

273.37 

278.63 

283  89 

289.15 

294.40 

299.66 

304.92 

310.18 

48 

274.16 

279.64 

285.13 

29061 

296.09 

301.. 58 

307.06 

312..54 

318-03 

323.51 

49 

285.71 

291.42 

297.13 

302.85 

308.56 

314  23 

319  99 

325.70 

331-42 

,337.13 

50 

297.50 

303.45 

309.40 

315  35 

321.30 

327.25 

.333.20 

.3,39.15 

345.10 

351-05 

51 

309  51 

3]  5.70 

321.89 

328.08 

3.34.27 

.340.46 

346-65 

.3.52.84 

3.59.03 

.365-22 

52 

321.77 

328.20 

334.64 

.341.07 

347.51 

353.94 

360-38 

.366.81 

,373.25 

379-68 

53 

334.25 

,340.94 

34762 

3.54  31 

360.99 

367.68 

374  35 

.381-05 

387.73 

394  42 

54 

347.00 

3.5394 

360.83 

367.82 

374.76 

381.70 

388.64 

395-58 

402.. 52 

409-46 

55 

3.5997 

367.16 

374.36 

381.56 

388.76 

395.96 

403.16 

410-36 

417.56 

424.76 

56 

373.18 

380.64 

388  10 

395.57 

403.03 

410.49 

417.98 

425-42 

432.88 

440,37 

57 

386.62 

.39435 

402.03 

409  81 

417..54 

425.28 

433.01 

440.74 

448.47 

456-21 

58 

400.30 

408.31 

416.31 

424.32 

432.32 

440.33 

448.34 

456.34 

464.35 

472  35 

59 

414.22 

422.50 

430.79 

439.07 

447  36 

4.55.64 

463.93 

472.21 

480.. 50 

488.78 

60 

428.39 

436.96 

445.53 

454.09 

462.66 

471.23 

479.80 

483.37 

496.93 

5.5.50 

STEAM  POWER.  53 


]¥o.  6. — Continued, 


1 

PRESSURE. 

Diara 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

~— 

8 

9.13 

9.29 

9.44 

9.59 

9-74 

9.89 

10.05 

10.21 

10.36 

10.51 

9 

11.. 56 

11.75 

11.94 

12.14 

12.33 

12.53 

12.72 

12,91 

13.10 

13.29 

10 

14.28 

14.52 

14.75 

14.99 

15.23 

15  47 

15.71 

1.5.94 

16.18 

16.42 

31 

17.28 

17.56 

17.85 

18.14 

1843 

18.72 

19.01 

19.29 

19.58 

19.87 

12 

20.56 

20.91 

21.24 

21.. 59 

2193 

22.27 

22.62 

22.96 

23.30 

23.64 

33 

24.13 

24.53 

24.94 

25.34 

25.74 

26.14 

26.54 

26.94 

27.35 

27.75 

34 

27.98 

28.45 

2^.91 

29.38 

29-84 

30.31 

30.78 

31.24 

31.71 

32.18 

15 

32.13 

32.66 

33.20 

33.73 

34.27 

34.80 

35.34 

35.87 

36.41 

36.94 

16 

36.-56 

37. 17 

37.78 

38.39 

39  00 

39.61 

40.22 

40  83 

41.44 

42.05 

17 

41.26 

41. 95 

42.64 

43.. 33 

44.02 

44.71 

45.39 

46.08 

46.77 

47.46 

18 

46.26 

47.01 

47.81 

4  8.. 58 

49.35 

.50.12 

50  89 

51.66 

.52.43 

53.21 

39 

51.54 

52.41 

53.26 

54.12 

54.98 

55.84 

56.70 

57  56 

.58.42 

59.28 

20 

57.12 

58.07 

.59  02 

.59.97 

60.92 

61.88 

62.83 

63.78 

64.73 

65.68 

21 

62.97 

64.02 

65.07 

66  12 

67.17 

68.22 

69.27 

70.32 

71.37 

72.42 

22 

69.12 

70.27 

71.42 

72.. 57 

73.73 

74.88 

76.03 

77.18 

78.33 

79.48 

23  1 

75.54 

76.79 

78.  a5 

79.31 

80.. 57 

81.83 

83.09 

84.35 

85.61 

86.87 

24 

82.25 

83.02 

84.99 

86  36 

87.73 

8.9.10 

90.47 

91.84 

93.21 

94.59 

25  i 

89.25 

90.73 

92.22 

93.71 

95.20 

96.68 

98.17 

99.66 

101.15 

102.63 

26 ' 

96..53 

98.14 

99.75 

101.36 

102.90 

104.57 

106.18 

1(»7.79 

109.40 

111.01 

27 

104.10 

105.84 

107.. 57 

109.31 

111.04 

112.77 

114.51 

116.24 

117.98 

119.72 

28  i 

111.95 

113.81 

115  63 

117.55 

119  41 

121.28 

123.14 

125.01 

126.88 

128.74 

29  i 

120.09 

122.09 

124.09 

126.09 

128.09 

130.09 

132.09 

134.  iO 

136.10 

138.10 

30  1 

128..52 

130.68 

132  80 

134.94 

137.08 

1.39.23 

141.37 

14351 

145.65 

147.79 

31 ' 

137.22 

139.51 

141.79 

144.08 

146  36 

148.65 

150.94 

1.53  22 

1.55.51 

1.57.80 

32' 

146  22 

148.65 

1.51.09 

1.53.. 53 

15.5.96 

158.41 

160.84 

103.28 

165.72 

168.15 

33 

1.55.50 

158.09 

J  60  69 

163.28 

165.87  . 

168.46 

171.05 

173.65 

176.24 

178.83 

34 

165.08 

167.82 

170.58 

173.33 

176.08 

178.83 

181.58 

184.33 

187.08 

189  83 

35 

174.93 

177.84 

180.76 

183.67 

186.59 

189.50 

192.42 

195.33 

198.25 

201.16 

36 

185.05 

188.14 

191.22 

194.31 

197.39 

200.47 

203.56 

206.64 

209.73 

212.81 

37 

195.43 

198.73 

201  99 

205.25 

208.51 

211.77 

215.02 

218.28 

221.54 

224.80 

38  1 

206.19 

209.63 

213.06 

216.50 

219.94 

223.37 

226.81 

230.25 

2.33.68 

237.12 

39  1 

217.20 

220.82 

224.44 

22H.06 

231.68 

235.30 

238.92 

242.54 

246.16 

249.78 

40 

228.48 

232.29 

236.09 

239.91 

243.71 

247.52 

251.32 

2.55.13 

258.94 

262.75 

41 

240  03 

244.03 

248.03 

2.52.03 

256.03 

260.03 

264.03 

268.04 

272.04 

276.04 

42 

251.89 

2.56.09 

260.28 

204.48 

268.68 

272.88 

277.08 

281.27 

285.47 

289.67 

43 

264. 03 

268.43 

272.83 

277.23 

281.63 

286.03 

290.43 

294.84 

299.24 

303.64 

44 

276-45 

281.06 

2^5.67 

290-27 

294.88 

299.49 

304.10 

308.70 

313.31 

317.92 

45 

2='9.16 

293.98 

298.80 

303.62 

.308.44 

313  26 

318.08 

322  89 

327.71 

332.53 

46 

302.16 

307.20 

312  23 

317.27 

322.31 

327.34 

332.38 

337.41 

342  45 

347.49 

47 

31.5.43 

320-69 

325  95 

.331.20 

336.46 

341.T-3 

346.98 

352.23 

357.48 

362.75 

48 

328.99 

334.48 

339  96 

345.44 

350.93 

.3.56.41 

361.89 

367  38 

372.86 

378.34 

49 

342  85 

348.. 56 

354. 28 

359.99 

305.70 

371.42 

377.13 

.382.85 

388.56 

394.27 

50 

.3.57  00 

362.95 

368-90 

374.85 

380  80 

386.75 

392.70 

39H.65 

404.60 

410.55 

51 

371.41 

377.60' 

383.79 

389.98 

.396.17 

402.36 

408.55 

414.75 

420  94 

427.13 

52 

38(:«.12 

.392.55 

398-99 

405.43 

411.86 

418.30 

424.73 

431.17 

4,37  60 

444.04 

53 

401.10 

407.79 

414.47 

421.16 

427.84 

434.53 

441.21 

447.90 

454.58 

461 .27 

54 

416.40 

423.34 

430.28 

437  22 

444.16 

451.10 

4.58.04 

464.98 

471.92 

478.86 

55 

431.98 

439  16 

446-36 

453. .56 

460.78 

467.96 

475.16 

482..35 

489.55 

496.75 

56 

447.81 

455.27 

462-74 

470.20 

477.67 

485  13 

492.59 

500.06 

,507.52 

514.98 

57 

463.94 

471.67 

479-40 

487.14 

494.87 

.502.60 

510.33 

518.07 

525  80 

533.53 

58 

480.36 

4S8.37 

498.37 

504.3-1 

512.39 

.520.. 39 

528.40 

.536.40 

.544.41 

5.52.42 

59 

497.07 

.505.35 

513.63 

.521.92 

530.20 

.538.49 

546.77 

555  06 

56334 

571.63 

60  1 

514.07 

522  i  A 

531.20 

539.77 

548.34 

556.91 

565.48  1 

574.04 

582.61 

591.18 

54  MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


No«  6. — Continued. 


PRESSURE. 

s 

70 

71 

72 

73 

1 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

8 

lOoo 

10.81 

10.96 

11.12 

11.27 

11.42 

11-57 

1 1.72 

11.88 

12'03 

9 

13.49 

13.68 

13.87 

14.06 

14  26 

14.45 

14  64 

14.84 

15.03 

15.22 

10 

16. ()6 

16  89 

17  IQ 
1  l.l.i 

17.37 

17.61 

17.85 

18.08 

18  32 

18.56 

J.0  oil 

11 

20. 16 

20. 45 

20.73 

21  02 

21  60 

21  88 

22. 17 

22  46 

22.75 

12 

23.99 

24  33 

24  67 

25.01 

25.36 

25.70 

26.04 

26  38 

26.73 

27  07 

13 

28.15 

23  9.5 

29.36 

29  76 

30  16 

30-56 

30  95 

31.37 

31  77 

14 

32.64 

.1.M  1 

33.58 

34  04 

34  51 

34  98 

35  44 

35  9 1 

36.37 

36  84 

15 

37.48 

38.02 

38.55 

39.09 

39  62 

4i)  1(» 

40  69 

41 .23 

41  76 

16 

42.06 

4.3.26 

43.87 

44  48 

45  QC) 

45  71 

46  31 

46-92 

47  53 

AQ  TA 

17 

48.14 

50  2 1 

50.89 

51  58 

52  27 

52.96 

53  64 

f^A  "i'i 

18 

53  98 

i)4.74 

56  29 

57.06 

57  83 

5^\60 

59.37 

60.14 

19 

60.13 

60-98 

6]  85 

62  71 

63.57 

64  43 

65.29 

66. 1.5 

67.01 

67-86 

20 

66.64 

68  54 

69  49 

70.44 

7 !  40 

7^*  35 

73.30 

74.25 

7.5.20 

21 

73.46 

74.. >  2 

7'"^  fi7 
/  O.i)  / 

76  62 

77. 67 

78  72 

79  76 

80  81 

Ol  CO 

82-91 

22 

80.64 

81 .79 

84  09 

85  24 

86  40 

87  55 

88  70 

9 1.01 

23 

88.13 

89.38 

on  (^A 

91  90 

93  16 

94  42 

95  68 

no'on 

98.20 

99.46 

24 

95.96 

97.33 

98  70 

100  07 

101.44 

102  ^1 

104  18 

lUO.DO 

106.92 

108-29 

25 

104.12 

10.5.61 

108  58 

1 10.07 

111  50 

1 13  05 

1 14.53 

1 16.02 

1 17.51 

26 

112.62 

1 14  2.i 

1^5  84 

117  44 

1 19.05 

nno  07 

12.5.49 

127. 10 

27 

121.4.5 

123.18 

126  65 

128.39 

130  12 

131  86 

lo.j. 59 

13.5.33 

137.06 

28 

130.61 

132. 47 

134  34 

136  21 

138.07 

139.94 

gQ 

^A'i  A7 

14.5.54 

147.40 

29 

140.10 

142.  lO 

141 10 

146  10 

148. 10 

1-50. 1 1 

152  11 

154. 1 1 

156.11 

158.11 

30 

149.94 

152-08 

154  22 

150  36 

158.51 

160-65 

162  79 

164.93 

167.07 

169.21 

31 

160.09 

162. 37 

166  95 

169  2.3 

1 7 1 . 52 

17Q  »1 

176.09 

178.38 

180.67 

32 

170.59 

173.02 

177  90 

180  33 

182.77 

187.64 

190.08 

192.52 

33 

181.42 

184. 01 

1 89  20 

191 .79 

194.38 

196  97 

199.56 

202. 16 

204.75 

34 

192.59 

19.5.34 

198  09 

200  84 

203. .59 

206-34 

21 1.85 

2 14.60 

217-35 

35 

204.08 

2«)9  91 

215  74 

218  66 

224.49 

227.40 

230.32 

36 

215.90 

2v)iO  0(3 

225  15 

228  23 

231  31 

234  40 

2.37.49 

240.57 

243.65 

37 

228.06 

2.>  1.3 1 

234  57 

237  83 

241.09 

244  35 

247  60 

250.86 

254. 12 

257.38 

38 

240.56 

24  3. 99 

247  43 

250  87 

254  30 

257  74 

264.61 

268.05 

271.49 

39 

253.40 

2-57.02 

264  23 

267  88 

271  .50 

07-10 

o«o  It 

278.74 

285.98 

40 

266.56 

270.37 

274  18 

277  99 

281  79 

2*^5  60 

293.21 

297.02 

300.83 

41 

280.04 

284.04 

288. {)4 

296.04 

300.04 

.304.04 

308.04 

3 12.04 

3 16.04 

42 

293.87 

298.07 

3'')2.27 

.111*. 01) 

314.86 

319.06 

323.26 

327.45 

331.65 

43 

308.04 

.312. 44 

3 16.84 

321.24 

325.64 

330.04 

334.44 

3.38.84 

343.24 

347.64 

44 

322.53 

327. 1.3 

331. 74 

336.35 

34 5.. 57 

3.50. 1 7 

3.54.78 

359.39 

364.00 

45 

337  35 

342.17 

.346.99 

351  81 

356  63 

3()i.45 

366  27 

371 .09 

375.91 

380.73 

46 

352^52 

3.57.5r> 

362  59 

367.63 

372.67 

377.70 

382.74 

387!  77 

392^81 

397.*85 

47 

368  01 

373.26 

378.52 

383.78 

.389.04 

394.29 

399.55 

404.81 

410.06 

415.32 

48 

383.83 

3^931 

394.79 

400.28 

405.76 

411.24 

416.73 

422.21 

427.69 

433.18 

49 

399.99 

405  70 

411.42 

417.13 

422.85 

428  .5!) 

434.27 

439.99 

445.70 

451.42 

50 

410.50 

422  45 

428  40 

434.35 

440.30 

446  25 

452.20 

458.15 

464.10 

470.05 

51 

433.32 

43951 

445.70 

451.89 

458.08 

464.27 

470.46 

476.65 

482.84 

489.03 

52 

450.47 

456.91 

463.34 

469.78 

476.21 

482.65 

489.09 

495.52 

501. 96 

508.39 

53 

467.95 

474.64 

481.32 

488.01 

491.69 

501.38 

508.06 

514.75 

521.43 

528.12 

54 

485.80 

492.74 

499.68 

506.62 

513  56 

520.50 

527.44 

534.38 

541. 32 

548.26 

55 

503.95 

511. 15 

518.35 

525.55 

532.75 

539.95 

547.15 

554.35 

561.55 

568.75 

56 

52245 

52991 

537.37 

544.84 

5.52  30 

559.77 

567.23 

574.69 

582.16 

589.62 

57 

541.26 

54900 

5.56.73 

564.46 

572.19 

579.93 

587.66 

595.39 

603.12 

610.85 

58 

560.42 

568.43 

576.43 

584.44 

592.45 

600.45 

608.46 

616.48 

624.47 

632.48 

59 

579.91 

588.19 

596.48 

604.76 

613  05 

621.33 

629.62 

637.90 

646.19 

654.47 

GO 

599.75  1 

608.32 

616.88 

625.45  J 

634.02 

642.59 

651.16 

659.72 

668.29 

676.86 

STEAM  POWER. 


Mo.  6. — Continued. 


B 

a> 

PRESSURE. 

Diarr 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

8 

12.18 

1233 

12.49 

12.64 

12-79 

12.94 

13.09 

13.25 

13.40 

13.55 

9 

15.41 

15.61 

15.80 

15.99 

16.18 

16.37 

16.57 

16.76 

16.95 

17,15 

10 

19.04 

19.27 

19.51 

19.75 

19.99 

20.23 

20.46 

20.70 

20.94 

21.18 

11 

23.04 

23.32 

23.61 

23.90 

24.19 

24.48 

24.76 

25.05 

25.34 

25.63 

12 

27.41 

27.75 

28.10 

28.44 

28.78 

29.12 

29.47 

29.81 

30.15 

30.50 

13 

32.17 

32.57 

32.98 

33.38 

33.78 

34.18 

34.58 

34.99 

35.39 

35.79 

14 

37.31 

37.77 

38.24 

38.71 

39.17 

39.64 

40.11 

40.57 

41.04 

41.50 

15 

42.84 

43.37 

43.91 

44.44 

44.98 

45.51 

46.05 

46.58 

47.12 

47.65 

16 

48.75 

49.36 

49.97 

50.58 

51.18 

-  51.79 

52.41 

53  01 

53.62 

54. 23 

17 

55.02 

55.71 

56.39 

57.08 

57.77 

58.46 

59.15 

59.83 

60.52 

61.21 

18 

61.68 

62.45 

63.23 

64.00 

64-77 

e:5.54 

66.31 

67.08 

67.85 

68.62 

19 

68.72 

69.58 

70.44 

71.31 

72.16 

73.02 

73.88 

74.74 

75.60 

76.46 

20 

76.16 

77  11 

78.06 

79.01 

79-96 

80.92 

81.87 

82.82 

83.77 

84.72 

O  1 

83.98 

85.01 

86.06 

87.11 

88-16 

89.21 

90.26 

91.31 

92..36 

93.41 

oo 

Z4t 

92.16 

93.31 

94.46 

95.61 

96-76 

97.92 

99.07 

100.22 

10137 

102.52 

23 

100. 72 

101.97 

103.23 

104.49 

105.75 

107.01 

108.27 

109.53 

110.79 

112.05 

OA 

109.66 

111.04 

112.41 

113.78 

115.15 

116.52 

117.89 

119.26 

120.63 

122.00 

y5 

119.00 

120.48 

121  97 

123.46 

124.95 

126.43 

127.92 

129.41 

130-90 

132.38 

OR 

128.71 

130.32 

131.92 

133.53 

135.14 

136.75 

138.36 

13997 

141.58 

143.19 

07 
^/ 

138.80 

140.53 

142.27 

144.00 

145.74 

147.47 

149.21 

150.94 

152.68 

154.41 

149.27 

151.13 

153.00 

154.86 

156.73 

158.60 

160.46 

162.33 

164.19 

166.06 

29 

160.12 

162.12 

164.12 

166.12 

168.12 

170.12 

172.12 

174.13 

176.13 

178.13 

30 

171.36 

173.50 

175  64 

177.78 

179-92 

182.07 

184.21 

186.35 

188.49 

190.63 

31 

182.96 

185.24 

187.53 

189.82 

192.10 

194.39 

196.68 

198.96 

201.25 

203.54 

32 

194.96 

197.39 

199.83 

202.27 

204.71 

207.14 

209.58 

212.01 

214.45 

216.89 

33 

207.34 

209.93 

212..52 

215.11 

217.71 

220.30 

222.89 

225.48 

228.07 

230.67 

34 

220.10 

222.85 

225.60 

228.35 

231.10 

233.86 

236.61 

239.36 

242.11 

244.86 

35 

233.24 

236. 15 

239.05 

241.98 

244.90 

247.81 

250.73 

253.64 

256.56 

259.47 

36 

246.74 

249.82 

2.52.91 

255.99 

259.08 

262.16 

265.24 

268.33 

271.41 

274  50 

37 

260.64 

263.89 

267.15 

270.41 

273.67 

276.93 

280.18 

283.44 

286.70 

289.96 

38 

274.92 

278.36 

281.80 

285.23 

288.67 

292.11 

295  54 

298.98 

302.42 

305.85 

39 

289.60 

293.22 

296.84 

300.46 

304.08 

307.70 

311.32 

314.94 

318.56 

322.18 

40 

304.64 

308.44 

312.25 

316  06 

319.87 

323.68 

327.48 

331.29 

335.10 

338.91 

41 

320.04 

324  04 

328.04 

3.32.04 

336.05 

340.05 

344.05 

348.05 

352.05 

356.05 

42 

335.85 

340.05 

344.25 

348.45 

3.52.64 

356.84 

361.04 

365.24 

369.44 

373.63 

43 

352.04 

356  44 

360.84 

.365.24 

369-65 

374.05 

378.45 

382.85 

387.25 

391.65 

44 

3oo.d0 

373.21 

382.43 

387.03 

391.64 

396.25 

400.86 

405.46 

410.07 

45 

385.55 

390.37 

395.19 

400.01 

404.82 

409.64 

414.46 

419  28 

424.10 

428.92 

46 

402.88 

407.92 

412.96 

417.99 

42303 

428.06 

433.10 

438.14 

443.17 

448.21 

47 

420.58 

425.84 

431.09 

436.35 

441.61 

446.87 

452.12 

457.38 

462.64 

467.89 

48 

438.66 

444. 14 

449.63 

455.11 

460.59 

466.08 

471.56 

477.04 

482..53 

488.01 

49 

4.57.13 

462.85 

468.56 

474.27 

479.99 

485,70 

491.42 

497.13 

502.84 

508.56 

50 

476.00 

481.95 

487.90 

493.85 

499.80 

505.75 

511.70 

517  65 

523.60 

529. 55 

51 

495.22 

501.41 

507.60 

513.79 

519.98 

526.17 

532.36 

538.55 

544.74 

550.93 

52 

514.83 

521.26 

527.70 

534.13 

540.. 57 

547.00 

553.44 

559.87 

.566.31 

572.75 

53 

534.80 

541.49 

548.17 

.554.86 

561.. 54 

568.23 

574.91 

581.60 

588.28 

594.97 

54 

555.20 

562.14 

569.08 

576.02 

582.96 

589.90 

596.84 

603.78 

610.72 

617.66 

55 

575.95 

.583.15 

590.35 

597.55 

604.74 

611.94 

619.14 

626.34 

633.54 

640.74 

56 

597.08 

604.55 

612.01 

619.47 

626.94 

634.40 

641.86 

649.33 

656.79 

664.26 

57 

618.59 

626.32 

634.05 

641.78 

649.52 

657.25 

664.98 

672.71 

680.45 

688.18 

58 

640.48 

648.49 

6.56.50 

664.50 

672.51 

680.51 

688.52 

696.53 

704.53 

712.54 

59 

662.72 

771  04 

679.32 

687.61 

695.89 

704.18 

712.46 

720.75 

729.03 

737.32 

m 

685.43 

693.99 

702.56 

711.13 

719.70 

728.27 

736.83 

745.40 

753.97 

762.54 

5G 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


I^O,  6t — Continued. 


PRESSURE. 


90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

95 

97 

98 

99 

13.71 

13.86 

14.01 

14.16 

14.31 

14-46 

14-62 

14.77 

14.92 

15- 07 

17.34 

17.53 

17.72 

17.9^ 

18.11 

18. 31 

18.49 

18. 69 

18-88 

19.07 

21.42 

21  65 

21.89 

22.13 

22.37 

22.61 

22.84 

23.08 

23-32 

23-56 

25  02 

26.20 

26.49 

28.78 

27.07 

27.36 

27.64 

27.93 

28-22 

28-51 

30  84 

31.18 

3]  52 

31.87 

32.21 

32.55 

32.89 

33-24 

33-58 

33-92 

36.19 

36.60 

37.00 

37.41 

37.81 

38.21 

38.61 

39-01 

39-41 

39-81 

4 1 .97 

42.44 

42  90 

43.37 

4384 

44.30 

44-77 

45  24 

45-70 

46.17 

48.19 

48.73 

49.26 

49.80 

50  33 

50.87 

51 .40 

51-94 

52-47 

53.01 

54  84 

55.45 

.56.06 

56.67 

57  28 

57.89 

58.50 

59. 11 

59-72 

60.33 

61.90 

62.58 

63  27 

63.96 

64.65 

65.34 

66.02 

66.71 

67-40 

68.09 

6939 

70.17 

70  94 

71  71 

72  48 

73.25 

74.02 

74  79 

75-56 

76.33 

77.31 

78.17 

79  03 

79.89 

80.75 

81.61 

82.47 

83.33 

84-19 

85.05 

85.68 

86.63 

87.58 

88.53 

89.48 

90.44 

91.39 

92.34 

93  29 

94.24 

94.46 

95.51 

96  56 

97.61 

98.66 

99.71 

100-76 

101. M 

102.86 

103-91 

103.68 

104.83 

105.98 

107.13 

108.28 

109.44 

110.59 

111.74 

1 12-89 

114  04 

1 13.31 

114.56 

115.82 

117.08 

118.34 

1 19.60 

120-86 

122.12 

123  38 

124.64 

123.37 

124.74 

126.12 

127  49 

128  86 

130.23 

131.60 

132.97 

134.34 

135.71 

133.87 

135.36 

136.85 

138.33 

1 39.82 

141.31 

142  80 

144.28 

145-77 

147.26 

144.80 

146.40 

148.01 

149.62 

151. 23 

1-52.84 

154.45 

156. 06 

157-67 

159.28 

156.15 

157.88 

159.62 

161.35 

163.09 

164.82 

166*56 

168.29 

170  03 

171  76 

167.93 

169.79 

171.66 

173  52 

175.39 

177!  26 

179.12 

180.99 

182  85 

184.72 

180.13 

182  13 

184  13 

186.13 

188  14 

190  14 

192-14 

194.14 

196-14 

198. 14 

192.78 

194  92 

197.06 

199  21 

201.34 

203-49 

205  63 

207.77 

209. 91 

212.05 

205.83 

208.11 

210  40 

212  69 

214.97 

217.26 

219. 55 

221.84 

224-12 

226.14 

2]  9*33 

221  76 

224.20 

226.64 

229.07 

231.51 

233.95 

236.38 

238-82 

241.26 

233.26 

2.35  85 

238.44 

241.03 

243.62 

246.22 

248.81 

251.40 

253-99 

256.58 

247.61 

250  36 

253.11 

2.55.87 

258.62 

261.37 

264  12 

266.87 

269-62 

272.37 

262.39 

265  3 1 

268.22 

271.14 

274.05 

276.97 

279.88 

282.80 

285-71 

288.63 

277.-58 

280.67 

283.75 

286.83 

289  92 

293.00 

296.09 

299.17 

302-26 

305.34 

293.22 

29(i  47 

299.73 

302.99 

306  25 

309.51 

312.76 

316.02 

319.28 

322.54 

309.29 

312.73 

316.16 

319.60 

323.04 

326  47 

329.91 

333  35 

336.78 

340-22 

325.80 

329. 42 

333.04 

336.66 

340.28 

343.90 

347  52 

351. 14 

354.76 

358-38 

342.72 

.346  52 

350.33 

354 J  4 

357.94 

361.76 

365.56 

369.37 

373. 18 

376-99 

360.05 

364. 05 

368.05 

372*05 

376.05 

380.05 

384-05 

388.05 

392.05 

396-05 

377.83 

38203 

386.23 

390.43 

394.63 

398  82 

403  02 

407.22 

411.42 

4 15-02 

398  05 

40045 

404.85 

409.25 

413.65 

418.05 

422-4-5 

426.85 

431  25 

435.(35 

414. 68 

419  29 

423  89 

428.50 

433.1 1 

437-72 

442  32 

446.93 

451.54 

456.  J  5 

433.74 

438.56 

443.38 

448.20 

4.53!02 

457.84 

462-66 

467.48 

472.30 

477.12 

453.24 

4.58.28 

463.32 

468.35 

473.39 

478-42 

483.46 

488.50 

493.. 53 

498.57 

473.15 

478.41 

483.67 

488.92 

494.18 

499-44 

504-70 

509.95 

515.21 

520  47 

493.49 

498.98 

504.46 

509.94 

51.5.43 

520.91 

52a- 39 

531.88 

.537.36 

542.84 

514.27 

51999 

525.70 

531.42 

537.13 

542.84 

548-56 

5.54.27 

559  99 

565.70 

535.50 

541.45 

547.40 

.553.35 

559.30 

565.25 

571.20 

577.15 

583.10 

589.05 

5.57.12 

503  31 

569  50 

575.69 

581.88 

588.07 

594.26 

600.45 

606.64 

612.83 

579.18 

5H5.62 

592.05 

598.49 

604.92 

611.36 

617.79 

024.23 

630.66 

6,37.10 

601.65 

608  34 

615.02 

621.71 

628.39 

635.08 

641.76 

648.45 

6.55.13 

661.82 

624.60 

631.54 

638.48 

645  42 

652  36 

659.30 

666  24 

673.18 

680.12 

687.06 

647.94 

6.5.5.14 

662.34 

669.54 

676.74 

683.94 

691.14 

698.34 

705.54 

712.74 

671.72 

679.18 

68665 

694.11 

701.57 

709.04 

716..50 

723.96 

731. 43 

738.89 

695.91 

703.64 

711  38 

719.11 

726.84 

734.57 

742.31 

750-04 

7.57.77 

765.50 

720.54 . 

728.55 

736.56 

744.56 

7.52.57 

760.57 

768.58 

776.59 

784.59 

792.60 

74560 

753.88 

762.17 

770.45 

778.74 

787.02 

795.31 

803.59 

811.88 

820.16 

771.11 

779.67 

788.24 

796.81 

805.38 

813.95 

822.51 

831-08 

839.65 

848.22 

STEAM  POWER.  57 


]¥o«  5. — Continued. 


PRESSURE, 

Diarr 

100 

101 

102 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110 

8 

15.23 

15.38 

15.53 

15.68 

15.84 

15.99 

16.14 

16.29 

16.44 

16.60 

16.75 

9 

19.27 

19.46 

19.65 

19.84 

20.04 

20.23 

20.42 

20.61 

20.81 

21.00 

21.19 

10 

23.80 

24.03 

24.27 

24.51 

24.75 

24.99 

25.22 

25.46 

25.70 

25.94 

26.18 

11 

28.80 

29.08 

29.37 

29.66 

29  95 

30.24 

30.52 

30.81 

31.10 

31.39 

31.68 

12 

34.27 

34  61 

34.95 

35.29 

35.64 

35.98 

36.32 

30.66 

37.01 

37.35 

37.69 

13 

40.22 

40.62 

41.02 

41.42 

41.82 

42.23 

42.63 

43.03 

43.43 

43.83 

44.24 

14 

46.64 

47.10 

47.57 

48  04 

48.50 

48.97 

49.43 

49.90 

50.37 

50.83 

51.30 

15 

53.55 

54.08 

54.62 

55.15 

55  69 

56.22 

56.76 

57.29 

57.83 

58.36 

58.90 

16 

60.94 

61.54 

62.15 

62.76 

63.37 

63.98 

64.59 

65.20 

65.81 

66.42 

67.03 

17 

68.78 

69. -4  6 

70.15 

70  84 

71.53 

7221 

72.90 

73.59 

74.28 

74.97 

75.65 

18 

77.11 

77.88 

78.65 

79  42 

80.19 

80  96 

81.73 

82.51 

83.27 

84.05 

84.82 

19 

85.91 

86.76 

87.63 

88.48 

89.34 

90.20 

91.06 

91.92 

92.78 

93.64 

94.50 

20 

95.20 

96  15 

97.10 

98.05 

99.00 

99.96 

100.91 

101.86 

102.81 

103.76 

104.72 

21 

104.96 

106.01 

107.05 

108.11 

109.15 

110.21 

111.25 

112.31 

113.35 

114.41 

115.45 

22 

115.20 

116.35 

117.50 

118.65 

119.81 

120.96 

122.11 

123.26 

124.41 

125.56 

126.72 

23 

125.90 

127.15 

128.41 

129.67 

130  93 

132.19 

133.45 

134.71 

135.97 

137.23 

138.49 

24 

137.08 

138.45 

139.82 

141.19 

142.57 

143.94 

145.31 

146.68 

148.05 

149.42 

150.79 

25 

148.75 

150.23 

151.72 

153  21 

154.70 

156.18 

157.67 

159.16 

160.65 

162.13 

163.62 

26 

160.89 

162.49 

164.10 

165.71 

167.32 

168.93 

170.54 

172.15 

173.76 

175.37 

176.97 

27 

173.50 

175.23 

176.97 

178.70 

180.44 

182.17 

183.91 

185.64 

187.38 

189.11 

190.85 

28 

186.59 

188.45 

190.32 

192.18 

194.05 

195.91 

197.78 

199.65 

201.51 

203.39 

205.24 

29 

200,15 

202.15 

204.15 

206.15 

208,15 

210.15 

212.15 

214.16 

216.16 

218.16 

220.16 

30 

214  20 

216.34 

218.48 

220.62 

222.76 

224.91 

227.05 

229.19 

231. .33 

233.47 

235-62 

31 

228  70 

230.9S 

233,27 

235.56 

237.84 

240.13 

242.42 

244.71 

246.99 

249.28 

251-57 

32 

243  70 

246.13 

248.57 

251.01 

253.44 

255.88 

258.32 

260.75 

26.3.19 

265.63 

268.07 

33 

259.18 

261.77 

264  36 

266.95 

269.54 

272.13 

274.73 

277.32 

279.91 

282.50 

285.09 

34 

275.13 

277.88 

280.63 

283.38 

286.13 

288.88 

291.63 

294.38 

297.14 

299.89 

302.64 

35 

291.55 

294.46 

297.38 

300.29 

30321 

306.12 

309  04 

311.95 

314.87 

317.78 

320.70 

36 

308.43 

311.51 

314.59 

317.68 

320.76 

323.85 

326.93 

330.02 

333.10 

336.18 

339.27 

37 

325.80 

329.05 

332.31 

3.35.57 

338.83 

342.09 

345.34 

.348.60 

351.86 

355.12 

358.38 

38 

343.66 

347.09 

350.53 

353.96 

357.40 

360.84 

364.27 

.367.71 

371.15 

374.58 

378.02 

39 

362.00 

365.62 

369.24 

372.86 

376.4S 

380.10 

383.72 

387.34 

390.96 

394.58 

398.20 

40 

380.80 

384.61 

388.41 

392.22 

396.03 

399.84 

403.64 

407.45 

411.26 

415.07 

418.88 

41 

400.06 

404.06 

408.06 

412.06 

416.06 

420.06 

424.06 

428.06 

432.06 

436.06 

440.06 

42 

419.82 

424.01 

428.21 

432.41 

436.61 

440.81 

445-00 
466.40 

449  20 

453.40 

457.60 

461.80 

43 

440.06 

444.46 

443.86 

453.26 

457.66 

462.06 

470.86 

475.26 

479.66 

484.06 

44 

460  76 

465.36 

4G9.97 

474.58 

479.19 

483.79 

488.40 

493.01 

497.62 

502.22 

506.83 

45 

481.94 

486.75 

491.57 

496.39 

501.21 

506.03 

5J0.85 

515.67 

520.49 

525.31 

530.13 

46 

503  61 

508  64 

513.68 

518.71 

523.75 

528.79 

533  82 

Ooo.ou 

KA'i  SO 

548.93 

DDo-y  / 

47 

525^73 

530.98 

535.24 

'54L50 

546.75 

552.01 

557.27 

562.53 

567.78 

573!04 

578-30 

48 

548.33 

.553.81 

559.29 

564.77 

570.26 

575.74 

581.22 

586.71 

592.19 

597.67 

603-16 

49 

571.42 

577.13 

582.84 

588.56 

594.27 

599.99 

605.70 

611.41 

617.13 

622.84 

628-56 

50 

595.00 

600.95 

600.90 

6J2.85 

618  80 

624.75 

630.70 

636.65 

642.60 

648.55 

654-50 

51 

619.03 

625.22 

631,41 

637.60 

643.79 

649.98 

656.17 

662-36 

668.55 

674.74 

680.93 

52 

643.54 

649.97 

656.41 

662.84 

669.28 

675.71 

682.15 

688-58 

695.02 

701.45 

707. 89 

53 

668.51 

675.19 

681.88 

688.56 

695.25 

701.93 

708.62 

715-30 

721.99 

728.67 

735.36 

54 

694.00 

700.94 

707.88 

714.82 

721.76 

728.70 

735.64 

742-58 

749.52 

756.46 

763.40 

55 

719.94 

727.13 

734.33 

741.53 

748.73 

755.93 

763.13 

770-33 

777.53 

784.73 

791.93 

56 

746.36 

753.82 

761.28 

768.75 

776.21 

783.67 

791.14 

798.60 

806.06 

813..53 

820.99 

57 

773.24 

780.97 

788.70 

796.43 

804.15 

811.90 

819.63 

827.36 

8.35.09 

842.83 

850.56 

58 

800.61 

808.61 

816-62 

824.62 

832.63 

840.04 

848.64 

8.56-65 

864.65 

872.66 

880.67 

59 

828.45 

836.73 

845.01 

853.30 

861  58 

869.87 

878.15 

886.44 

894.72 

903.01 

911.29 

60 

858.79 

865.35 

873.92 

882.49 

891.06 

899.62 

908.19 

916.76 

925.33 

933.90 

942.46 

4 


58 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


No.  5. — Continued, 


PRESSURE. 

i 
1 

Ill 

112 

113 

114 

115 

116 

117 

118 

119 

120 

— 

8 

iR  on 

17.0o 

17  on 

17  36 

17  51 

1  /  .OO 

17.81 

17  97 

18.12 

18.27 

9 

21  38 

Zi  .Oo 

21.77 

21  96 

22  16 

22  3.5 

22.54 

22  75 

22  93 

23.12 

JO 

26  41 

26  65 

26  89 

27  13 

27  37 

27  61 

27.84 

28  08 

28  33 

28.56 

11 

31  96 

*?o 

32  83 

33  12 

33  40 

33.69 

33  98 

34.27 

34.55 

12 

38  04 

38  38 

38-72 

39  06 

39  41 

39  7.5 

40  09 

40  43 

40  78 

41 .12 

13 

44  64 

45  04 

45  44 

45  85 

46  25 

46  65 

47.05 

47  45 

47  86 

48.26 

14 

51  77 

52  23 

52  70 

53  16 

53  63 

54  10 

54.56 

55  03 

55  50 

55.97 

15 

59  44 

oy.y  / 

60'51 

61  04 

61  58 

62  11 

62  65 

6.3  18 

03  72 

64.26 

16 

67  64 

68  25 

68  86 

69  47 

70  08 

70  69 

71.29 

71.91 

72  51 

/3.12 

17 

76  34 

77  03 

77.72 

78  41 

79.09 

79  78 

80.47 

81.16 

81  84 

82.52 

18 

85  59 

86.36 

87.13 

87.90 

88  67 

89  44 

90.22 

90  98 

91  76 

92.53 

19 

95*36 

96  22 

97*07 

97.93 

98.79 

99  65 

100.51 

101.37 

102  23 

103.09 

20 

105*67 

106.62 

107.57 

108.. 52 

109.48 

110  43 

111.38 

112.33 

113  28 

1 14.24 

21 

116  50 

117.55 

118.60 

119.65 

120.70 

121.75 

122.80 

123.85 

124  90 

125.9.5 

22 

127*87 

129.02 

130.17 

13L32 

132  48 

133  63 

134.78 

135.93 

137  08 

138.24 

23 

139  74 

141.00 

142  26 

143.52 

144.78 

146.04 

147.30 

148.56 

149  82 

151.08 

24 

152*  16 

153.53 

154.90 

156.27 

157.65 

1.59.02 

160.39 

161.76 

163  13 

164  50 

25 

]65  11 

166.60 

168.08 

169.57 

171.06 

172  55 

174.03 

175  52 

177  01 

26 

178*58 

180. 19 

181.80 

183.41 

185.02 

186  63 

188.24 

189  85 

191  45 

19.j.ut> 

27 

192  58 

194.32 

196.05 

197.79 

199.52 

201.26 

202.99 

204.73 

206  46 

208  20 

28 

207* 11 

908. QS 

210.84 

212.71 

214.57 

216.44 

218.31 

220J7 

222  04 

223.90 

29 

222*16 

224-16 

226.16 

228.16 

230.17 

232.17 

234.17 

236.17 

238  17 

240.18 

30 

237  76 

239*90 

242.04 

244.18 

246.32 

248.47 

2.50.61 

252.75 

254.89 

2.57  04 

31 

253  85 

256-14 

258.43 

260.71 

263.00 

265.29 

267.57 

269.86 

272.15 

onn'1^ 

32 

270^50 

272-94 

275.38 

277.81 

280-25 

282  69 

285.12 

287.56 

290  00 

.<i92.44 

33 

287.68 

290-28 

292.87 

295.46 

298-05 

300  64 

303.24 

305^83 

308  42 

31 1.01 

34 

30.5.39 

308- 14 

310.89 

31.S  64 

316.39 

3i9  15 

321.90 

324  65 

327  40 

330. 1.5 

35 

323.62 

326-53 

329.45 

332.36 

335.28 

3.38  19 

341.11 

344  02 

346  94 

349.86 

36 

342.35 

345-44 

348.52 

351.61 

354.69 

3,57  77 

360.86 

363.94 

367  03 

370.11 

37 

OOi  Do 

364-89 

368.15 

371.41 

374.67 

377  92 

381.18 

384  44 

387  70 

.jyu.yo 

38 

381  46 

384-89 

ooo.oo 

391  77 

39.5  20 

398  64 

402.08 

405  .51 

408  9.5 

412.39 

39 

401.82 

405-44 

409.06 

412.68 

410.30 

419  92 

423.54 

427  16 

430  78 

434.40 

40 

422-68 

426.49 

430.30 

434. 1 1 

437.92 

441  72 

445.53 

449  34 

4.53  15 

4.56.96 

41 

444.06 

4.52  06 

456.06 

460.06 

ACtA  fin 

468.07 

472  07 

476  07 

480.07 

42 

4fiR  Oft 

470.19 

474.39 

478.59 

482.79 

486  99 

491.18 

495  38 

499  .58 

43 

492.86 

497  26 

501.66 

510  46 

514.87 

519.27 

523  67 

528.07 

44 

511.44 

516. 05 

520.65 

525.26 

529  87 

534  48 

539.08 

543  09 

548  30 

552.9 1 

45 

534.95 

539.77 

544.59 

549  4 1 

554  23 

5.59  05 

563.86 

t>UO.OO 

573  50 

578.32 

46 

559.00 

564.04 

569.07 

574^11 

579.15 

584^  18 

589*22 

594  25 

599.29 

604.33 

47 

583.56 

588.81 

594.07 

599.33 

604.58 

609.84 

615.10 

620.36 

625^61 

630.87 

48 

608.64 

614.12 

619.61 

625.09 

630.57 

636.06 

641.54 

647.02 

652  51 

657.99 

49 

634.27 

639.99 

645  70 

651.41 

657.13 

662.84 

668.56 

674.27 

679.98 

685.70 

50 

6G0.45 

666  40 

672.35 

678.30 

684-25 

690.20 

696.15 

702.10 

708.05 

714.00 

51 

687.12 

693.31 

699.50 

705.69 

711-88 

718  07 

724.26 

730.45 

736.64 

742.83 

52 

714.32 

720.76 

727.20 

733.63 

740-07 

746..50 

752.94 

759.37 

765.81 

772.24 

53 

742.04 

748.73 

755.41 

762.10 

768-78 

775.47 

782.15 

788.84 

795.52 

802.21 

51 

770.34 

777.28 

784.22 

791.16 

798.10 

805.04 

811.98 

818.92 

825.86 

83280 

55 

799.13 

806.33 

813.53 

820.73 

827-93 

835.13 

842.32 

849.52 

856.72 

863.92 

56 

828.45 

835.92 

843.38 

850.85 

8.58.31 

865.77 

873.24 

880.70 

888.16 

895.63 

57 

858.29 

866.02 

873.76 

881.49 

889-22 

896.95 

904.09 

912.42 

920.15 

927.88 

58 

888.67 

896.68 

904.68 

912.69 

920.70 

928.70 

930.71 

944.71 

9.52.72 

960.73 

59 

919.57 

927.86 

936.14 

944.43 

9.52-71 

961.00 

9C9.28 

977.57 

985.85 

994.14 

60 

951.03 

9.59.60 

968.17 

976.74 

985.30 

993.87 

1002.44 

1011.01 

1019.58 

1028.14 

STEAM  POWER. 


59 


Note  A. 

The  probable  per  cent  loss  of  power  hy  different  engines. 

Accurately  finished  high  pressure  engines  allow  15  per  cent 
loss. 

Ordinarily  finished  high  pressure  engines  allow  20  per  cent 
loss. 

Accurately  finished  condensing  engines  allow  25  per  cent 
loss. 

Ordinarily  finished  condensing  engines  allow  30  per  cent 
loss. 

Note  B, 

No.  8»3  Problem  requires  the  diameter  of  a  cylinder  to 
produce  28  efTective  horse  power;  but  the  horse  power  of  the 
engines  in  the  table  is  the  theoretical  power ;  hence  the  effec- 
tive power  must  be  increased  to  the  theoretical  power  ;  the  ef- 
fective power  in  this  problem  is  20  per  cent  less  than  the  theo- 
retical power ;  suppose  the  theoretical  power  of  an  engine 
to  be  50  horse  power,  and  the  loss  power  of  the  engine  being 
20  per  cent,  then,  the  effective  power  of  the  engine  will  be 
40  horse  power  ;  now  25  per  cent  of  40  added  to  40  equals 
50  ;  hence  25  per  cent  of  the  effective  power  is  equal  to  20 
per  cent  of  the  theoretical  power;  from  this  relation  between 
the  theoretical  and  eifective  power  the  following  statement 
is  made. 

1765  per  cent  of  the  effective  power  is  equal  to  15  per  cent 

of  the  theoretical  power. 
25  per  cent  of  the  effective  power  is  equal  to  20  per  cent 

of  the  theoretical  power. 
3333  per  cent  of  the  effective  power  is  equal  to  25  per  cent 

of  the  theoretical  power. 
4286  per  cent  of  the  effective  power  is  equal  to  30  per  cent 

of  the  theoretical  power. 


60 


MFXHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


Note  C. 

The  velocity  of  the  piston  in  83  Problem  is  250  feet  per 
minute,  but  the  velocity  of  the  piston  represented  in  the  table 
is  100  feet ;  hence  the  velocity  of  the  piston  in  No.  83  Prob- 
lem must  be  reduced  to  100  feet  per  minute,  which  is  done 
by  dividing  the  effective  power  in  83  Problem  by  2.50,  be- 
cause 250  divided  by  100  gives  2.50. 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


The  following  table  shows  the  usual  cost  of  a  brick 
factory  after  the  foundation  is  finished,  (see  note  P,)  to 
contain  different  number  of  mule  and  frame  spindles  on  No. 
25  yarn  with  looms ;  and  also,  the  cost  of  the  water  wheel 
(overshot  or  breast,)  engines,  gearing  and  belting. 

Example. 

Required,  the  usual  cost  of  a  brick  factory  to  contain  4000 
mule  and  frame  spindles,  with  looms  on  No.  25  yarn  ;  also,  the 
cost  of  the  water  wheels  to  drive  the  same — find  4000  in  the 
column  marked  "  Spindles,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  "Building,"  will  be  found  11324  dollars  ; 
and  also  in  the  column  marked  "  Wheels,"  will  be  found 
1280  dollars. — Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  cost  of  an  engine  to  drive  6009  mule  and 
frame  spindles  on  No.  25  yarn,  with  looms ;  and  also  the 
cost  of  the  belting  and  gearing — -find  6000  in  the  column 
marked  "Spindles,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "  Engine,"  will  be  found  7250  dollars ;  and  also  in 
the  column  marked  "  Gearing,"  will  be  found  2556  dollars  ; 
and  in  the  column  marked  "  Belting,"  will  be  found  1460 
dollars. — Answer, 


64 


MECHANICAL  PKINCIl'M. 


]^o.  1. 


13  uildi 

W  h  G  g1  s  • 

GG3.rin  ^« 

Belting. 

lUOO 

3056 

350 

1500 

500 

2G0 

2000 

5S12 

660 

2650 

911 

500 

3000 

85C8 

970 

3800 

1319 

740 

4000 

11324 

1280 

4950 

1733 

980 

5000 

14080 

1590 

6100 

2142 

1220 

6000 

16836 

1900 

7250 

2556 

1460 

7000 

19592 

2210 

8400 

2965 

1700 

8000 

2^-348 

2520 

9550 

3376 

1940 

9000 

25104 

2830 

10700 

3787 

2180 

10000 

27860 

3140 

11850 

4198 

2420 

The  following  table  shows  the  length  of  the  building,, 
which  is  three  stories  high  and  of  different  widths  ;  to  con- 
tain different  number  of  spindles  with  looms :  this  table  is 
calculated  for  the  table  which  shows  the  attendant  machinery 
for  different  number  of  spindles,  in  which  there  is  double 
carding. 

Example. 

Required,  the  length  of  a  building  to  contain  3000  spin- 
dles with  looms,  the  width  being  40  feet,  and  the  building 
being  three  stories  high — -find  3000  in  the  column  marked 
"  Spindles,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under 


Mo.  2. 


Spindls. 

WIDTH. 

40 

42 

44 

46 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

1000 

42 

40 

38 

36 

34 

33 

32 

31 

30 

2000 

84 

80 

76 

72 

68 

66 

64 

62 

60 

3000 

126 

120 

114 

108 

102 

99 

96 

93 

90 

4000 

168 

160 

152 

144 

136 

132 

128 

124 

120 

5000 

210 

200 

190 

180 

170 

165 

160 

155 

150 

6000 

252 

240 

228 

216 

204 

198 

192 

186 

180 

7000 

294 

280 

266 

252 

238 

231 

224 

217 

210 

8000 

336 

320 

304 

288 

272 

264 

256 

248 

240 

9000 

378 

360 

342 

324 

306 

297 

288 

279 

270 

10000 

420 

400 

380 

360 

340 

330 

320 

310 

300 

COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


65 


40  in  the  column  marked  "  Width,"  will  be  found  126  feet. 
— Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  length  of  a  building  to  contain  6000  spin- 
dles with  looms,  the  width  being  50  feet,  and  the  building  being 
four  stories  high — find  6000  in  the  column  marked  "  Spin- 
dles," opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  50  in 
the  column  marked  "  Width,"  will  be  found  198  feet;  now 
if  three  stories  require  198  feet,  four  stories  will  by  simple 
proportion  require  but  149  feet. — Answer. 

The  following  tables  show  the  number  of  horse  power  requi- 
red to  drive  different  number  and  kind  of  spindles  with  looms, 
on  different  numbers  of  yarn.  The  column  marked  "  Frame 
Spindles,"  shows  that  the  filling  and  warp  yarn  is  spun  on 
frames,  which  includes  all  kind  of  frames,  except  the  cap  or 
Danforth  frame.  When  the  warp  and  filling  is  spun  on  this 
frame,  add  one  horse  power  to  every  500  spindles.  This  frame 
produces  more  per  spindle  than  others,  consequently  there  will 
be  more  attendant  machinery,  hence  the  increase  of  power. 
The  column  marked  "  Calculated  Power,"  shows  the  usual 
horse  power  of  the  engine  or  water  wheel.  The  column  marked 
*^  Actual  Power,"  shows  the  actual  power  required,  which  is 
25  per  cent  less  than  the  power  of  the  engine  or  wheel : 
hence  there  should  be  25  per  cent  surplus  power  in  the  en- 
gine or  wheel  above  what  is  required  to  drive  the  machinery. 

Example. 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  an  engine  to  drive  2000 
mule  and  frame  spindles  with  looms,  the  number  of  yarn 
being  25 — find  2000  in  the  column  marked  Mule  and 
Frame  Spindles,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  Calculated  Power,"  will  be  found  30  horse  power. 
In  the  column  marked  Actual  Power,"  will  be  found  22.5 
horse  power,  the  actual  power  required  to  drive  2000  mule 
and  frame  spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  25  yarn. — Answer, 

4^ 


66 


MECHANICAL  PRINCTPIA. 


No.  10  TO  20  Yarn.  No.  20  to  30  Yarn.  No.  30  to  40  Yarjt. 


Frame 

Calc 

A-Ctu  cil 

Frame 

Calc 

Actual 

Fram'^ 

Calc 

Actual 

Spindles 

Pow. 

Power. 

Spindles 

Pow 

Power. 

Spindles 

Pow. 

Power. 

1000 

19 

14.25 

1  1000 

17 

12.75 

1000 

16 

12 

2O0O 

38 

28  50 

1  2000 

34 

25.50 

2000 

32 

24 

3000 

57 

42.75 

1  3000 

51 

38.25 

3000 

48 

36 

4000 

76 

57.00 

1  4000 

68 

51.00 

4000 

64 

48 

5000 

95 

71.25 

i  5000 

85 

63.75 

5000 

80 

60 

6000 

114 

85.50 

1  6000 

102 

76.50 

6000 

96 

72 

7000 

133 

99.75 

1  7000 

119 

89.25 

7000 

112 

84 

8000 

152 

114.00 

i  8000 

136 

102.00 

8000 

128 

96 

9000 

171 

128.25 

9000 

153 

114.75 

9000 

144 

108 

10000 

190 

142.50 

10000 

170 

127.50 

10000 

160 

120 

No.  10  to  20  Yarn.  No.  20  to  30  Yarn.  No.  30  to  40  Yarn. 


Mule  & 

Calcu 

Mule  & 

Calcu 

Mule  & 

Calou 

Frame 

laied 

Actual 

1  Frame 

lated 

Actual 

Frame 

lated 

Actual 

Spindles 

Pow. 

Power. 

;  Spindles 

Pow. 

Power. 

Spindles 

Pow. 

Power. 

1000 

17 

12.75 

i  1000 

15 

11.25 

1000 

14 

10.50 

2000 

34 

25.50 

i  2000 

30 

22.50 

2000 

28 

21.00 

3000 

51 

38.25 

1  3000 

45 

33  75 

3000 

42 

31.50 

4000 

68 

51.00 

;  4000 

60 

45.00 

4000 

56 

42.00 

5000 

85 

63.75 

;  5000 

75 

56.25 

5000 

70 

52.50 

6000 

102 

76.50 

;  6000 

90 

67.50 

6000 

84 

63.00 

7000 

119 

89.25 

j  7000 

105 

78.75 

7000 

98 

73.51) 

8000 

136 

102.00 

1  8000 

120 

90.00 

8000 

112 

84.00 

9000 

153 

114.75 

9000 

135 

101.25 

9000 

126 

94.50 

10000 

170 

127.50 

10000 

150 

112  50 

10000 

140 

105.00 

No.  10  to  20  Yarn.  No.  20  to  30  Yarn.  No.  30  to  40  Yarn. 


Mule 

Calc. 

Actual 

Mule 

Calc. 

Actual 

Mule 

Calc 

Actual 

Spindles 

Pow. 

Power. 

Spindles 

Pow. 

Power.  1 

Spindles 

Pow 

Power. 

1000 

16 

12 

1000 

14 

10.50 

1000 

13 

9.75 

2000 

32 

24 

2000 

28 

21  00 

2000 

26 

19.50 

3000 

48 

36 

3000 

42 

31.50 

3000 

39 

29.25 

4000 

64 

48 

4000 

56 

42.00 

4000 

52 

39.00 

5000 

80 

60 

5000 

70 

52.50 

5000 

65 

48.75 

6000 

96 

72 

6000 

84 

63.00 

6000 

78 

58.50 

7000 

112 

84 

7000 

98 

73.50 

7000 

91 

68.25 

8000 

12« 

96 

8000 

112 

84.00 

8000 

104 

78.00 

9000 

144 

108 

9000 

126 

94.50 

9000 

117 

87.75 

10000 

160 

120 

10000 

140 

105.00 

10000 

130 

97.50 

COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


67 


Example. 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  a  water  wheel,  to  drive 
6000  mule  spindles  with  looms,  the  number  of  the  yarn 
being  36 — find  6000  in  the  column  marked  ^'  Mule  Spindles," 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Calculated 
Power,'^  will  be  found  78  horse  power ;  in  the  column  mark- 
ed "Actual  Power,"  will  be  found  58.5  horse  power,  the 
actual  power  required  to  drive  6000  mule  spindles  with 
looms,  on  No.  36  yarn. — Answer. 

The  following  tables  show  the  required  length  of  overshot 
and  breast  water  wheels  on  different  falls,  to  drive  different 
number  and  kind  of  spindles  with  looms  on  different  numbers 


No.  4. 

Mule  Spindles  with  Looms  No  10  to  25  Yarn. 


Fall. 

No.  SPINDLES. 

looo' 

2000 

3000 

4000 

5000 

6000^7000 

8000 

9000 

10000 

10 

15.2 

22.8 

30.4 

38.0 

45.6 

53.2 

60.8 

68.4 

76 

11 

70 

14.0 

21.0 

28.0 

35.0 

42  0 

49.0 

56.0 

63.0 

70 

12 

6.3 

12  6 

18.9 

25.2 

31.5 

37.8 

44.1 

50.4 

56.7 

63 

13 

60 

12.0 

18.0 

24  0 

30.0 

36.0 

42.0 

48.0 

54.0 

60 

14 

5.4 

10.8 

16.2 

21  6 

27.0 

32.4 

37.8 

43.2 

48.6 

54 

15 

50 

10.0 

15.0 

20.0 

25.0 

30  0 

35.0 

40.0 

45.0 

50 

16 

4.7 

9.4 

14.1 

18.8 

23.5 

28.2 

32.9 

37.6 

42  3 

47 

17 

45 

9.0 

13.5 

18.0 

22.5 

27.0 

3J.5 

36.0 

40.5 

45 

]8 

4.2 

8.4 

12.6 

16.8 

21  0 

252 

29  4 

33  6 

37.8 

42 

19 

4.0 

8.0 

12.0 

16.0 

20.0 

24.0 

28.0 

32.0 

360 

40 

20 

3.8 

7.6 

11.4 

15.2 

19.0 

22.8 

26.6 

30.4 

34.2 

38 

21 

3.6 

7.2 

108 

14.4 

18.0 

21  6 

25.2 

28.8 

324 

36 

22 

3.4 

6.8 

102 

13.6 

17.0 

20.4 

23.8 

27  2 

30.6 

34 

23 

3.3 

6.6 

9.9 

13.2 

16.5 

19.8 

23.1 

26  4 

29.7 

33 

24 

3.1 

6.2 

9.3 

12.4 

15.5 

18.6 

21.7 

24  8 

279 

31 

25 

3.0 

6.0 

9.0 

12.0 

15  0 

18.0 

21  0 

24.0 

27.0 

30 

26 

2.9 

5.8 

8.7 

11.6 

14.5 

17.4 

20.3 

23.2 

26  1 

29 

27 

2.8 

5.6 

8.4 

11.2 

14.0 

16.8 

19.6 

22.4 

252 

28 

28 

2.7 

5.4 

8,1 

10.8 

13.5 

16.2 

18-9 

21.6 

24  3 

27 

29 

2.6 

5.2 

7.8 

10.4 

13.0 

15.6 

18.2 

20.8 

23.4 

26 

30 

2.5 

5.0 

7.5 

10.0 

12.5 

15.0 

17.5 

20.0 

22.5 

25 

68 


MECHANICAL  PKINCIPIA. 


of  yarn :  the  lengili  of  the  wheel  means  the  length  of  the 
buckets  in  the  cZear,  that  is  the  length  of  the  space  in  the 
wheel  which  the  water  occupies ;  this  must  be  particularly 
observed — the  column  marked  "  Fall,"  shows  the  fall  of  the 
breast,  or  the  diameter  of  the  overshot  wheel ;  the  fall  of  the 
breast  wheel  is  supposed  to  be  two  feet,  (see  Notes  on  Water 
Power,)  the  column  marked  No.  of  Spindles,"  shows  the 
number  of  spindles  with  looms,  to  be  driven. 

Example. 

Required,  the  length  of  an  overshot  wheel  to  drive  2000 
frame  spindles  with  looms,  on  any  number  of  yarn  from  10 
to  25,  the  diameter  of  the  wheel  being  12  feet — find  12  in 


I¥o.  5. 

Mule  Spindles  with  Looms  No.  25  to  40  Yarn. 


No.  SPINDLES. 

Fall. 

1000 

2000 

3000 

4000 

5000'6000 

1 

7000 

8000 

9000 

lOOOO 

10 

6.6 

13.2 

19.8 

26.4 

33.0 

39.6 

46.2 

52.8 

59.4 

66.0 

11 

6.0 

12.0 

18.0 

24.0 

30.0 

36.0 

42.0 

48.0 

54.0 

60.0 

12 

5.5 

11.0 

16.5 

22.0 

27.5 

33.0 

38.5 

44.0 

49.5 

55.0 

13 

5.0 

10.0 

15.0 

20.0 

25.0 

30.0 

35.0 

40.0 

45.0 

50.0 

14 

4.7 

9.4 

14.1 

18.8 

23.5 

28.2 

32.9 

37.6 

42  3 

47.0 

15 

4.4 

8.8 

13.2 

17.6 

22.0 

26.4 

30.8 

35.2 

39.6 

44.0 

16 

4.1 

8.2 

12.3 

16.4 

20.5 

24.6 

28.7 

32.8 

36.9 

41.0 

17 

3.9 

7.8 

11.7 

15.6 

19.5 

23.4 

27.3 

31.2 

35.1 

39.0 

18 

3.7 

7.4 

11.1 

14.8 

18.5 

22.2 

25.9 

29.6 

33.3 

37.0 

19 

3.5 

7.0 

10.5 

14.0 

17.5 

21.0 

24.5 

28.0 

31.5 

35.0 

20 

3.3 

6.6 

9.9 

13.2 

16.5 

19.8 

23.1 

26.4 

29.7 

33.0 

21 

31 

6.2 

9.3 

12.4 

15.5 

18.6 

21.7 

24.8 

27.9 

31.0 

22 

3.0 

6.0 

9.0 

12.0 

15.0 

18.0 

21.0 

24.0 

27.0 

30.0 

23 

29 

5.8 

8,7 

11.6 

14.5 

17.4 

20.3 

23.2 

26.1 

29.0 

24 

2.8 

5.5 

8.2 

11.0 

13.7 

16.5 

19.2 

22.0 

24.7 

27.5 

25 

2.6 

5.2 

7.8 

10.4 

13.0 

15.6 

18.2 

20.6 

23.4 

26.0 

26 

2.5 

5.0 

7.5 

10.0 

12.5 

15.0 

17.5 

20.0 

22.5 

25.0 

27 

24 

4.8 

7.2 

9.6 

12.0 

14.4 

16.8 

19.2 

21.6 

24.0 

28 

23 

4.7 

7.0 

9.4 

11.7 

14.1 

16.4 

18.8 

21.1 

23.5 

29 

23 

4.6 

6.9 

9.2 

11.5 

13.8 

16.1 

18.4 

20.7 

23. 0 

30 

2.2 

4.4 

6.6 

8.8 

11.0 

13.2 

15.4 

17.6 

19.8 

22.0 

COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


69 


the  column  marked  "  Fall,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  2000  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  of  Spin- 
dles," will  be  found  16  feet,  the  length  of  the  bucket  in  the 
clear. — Ansiver, 

Example. 

Required,  the  length  of  an  overshot  wheel  to  8000  mule 
and  frame  spindles  with  looms,  on  any  number  of  3^arn  from 
10  to  25,  the  diameter  of  the  wheel  being  22  feet — find  22  in 
the  column  marked  "  Fall,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  8000  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  of 
Spindles,"  will  be  found  32  feet  the  length  of  the  bucket  in 
the  clear,  or  two  wheels  16  feet  each  in  the  clear. — Answer, 


No.  6. 

Mule  and  Frame  Spindles  with  Looms  No.  10  to  25  Yarn. 


No.  SPINDLES. 

Fall. 

1000 

2000 

3000 

4000  5000 

60007000 
 j_  

8000 

9000 

10000 

10 

8.7 

17.4 

26.1 

34.8  43.5 

52.2  60.9 

69.6 

78  3 

87.0 

11 

8.0 

16.0 

24.0 

32.0  40  0 

48.0  56.0 

64.0 

72.0 

80.0 

12 

7.2 

14.4 

21.6 

28.8 

36.0 

43.2  50.4 

57.6 

64.8 

72.0 

13 

6.7 

13.4 

20.1 

26.8 

33.6 

40.3  47.0 

,53.7 

60.4 

67.2 

14 

6.2 

12.5 

18.7 

25.0  31.2 

37.5  |43.7 

50.0 

56.2 

625 

15 

5.8 

11.6 

174 

23  2  29.1 

.34  9  j40.7 

465 

52.3 

58.2 

16 

5.5 

11.0 

16.5 

22.0  27.5 

33.0  38  5 

44.0 

49  5 

55.0 

17 

52 

10  4 

15.6 

20.8  (26.0 

31.2  36.4 

41.6 

46.8 

52.0 

18 

4.9 

9.8 

14.7 

19.6  |24.5 

29.4  34.3 

39.2 

44.1 

49.0 

19 

4.6 

9.2 

13. 8 

18.4  23.0 

27.6  |32.2 

36.8 

41.4 

46.0 

20 

4.3 

8.7 

13.1 

17.4  21.8 

26.1  30.5 

34.8 

39.2 

43.6 

21 

4.1 

8.2 

12.4 

16.5  20.7 

24.8  |28.9 

33.1 

37.2 

41.4 

22 

3.9 

8.0 

12.0 

16.0  !20.0 

24.0  28.0 

32.0 

36.0 

40.0 

23 

3.8 

7.6 

11.4 

15.2 

19.3 

22.8  126.6 

30.4 

34.2 

38.0 

24 

3.6 

7.2 

10.8 

14.4 

184 

21.6  :25.2 

28.8 

32.4 

36.0 

25 

3.4 

6.8 

10.2 

13.6 

17.4 

20.4  23  8 

27.2 

30.6 

34.0 

26 

3.3 

6  6 

9.9 

132 

16.5 

19.8  23.1 

26.4 

29.7 

33.0 

27 

32 

6.4 

9.6 

12.8 

16.0 

19.2  ;22.4 

25.6 

28.8 

32.0 

28 

3.1 

6.2 

9  3 

12.4 

15.5 

18.6  [21.7 

24.8 

27.9 

31.0 

29 

3.0 

60 

9.0 

12.0 

15.0 

18.0  21.0 

24.0 

27.0 

30.0 

30 

2.9 

5.8 

8.7 

11. 6 

14.5 

17.4  I2O.3 

23.2 

26.1 

29.0 

70 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


Example. 

Required,  the  length  of  a  breast  wheel  to  drive  2000 
mule  spindles  with  looms,  on  any  number  of  yarn  from  25  to 
40,  the  fall  being  10  feet — find  10  in  the  column  marked 
Fall,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  2000 
in  the  column  marked  No.  of  Spindles,*'  will  be  found  13.2 
feet  the  length  of  the  bucket  in  the  clear  ;  if  an  iron  and 
wood  wheel  are  equal  in  length,  the  difference  in  the 
length  of  the  buckets  will  be  from  one  to  two  feet ;  hence 
the  length  of  the  bucket  in  the  clear  must  always  be  ob- 
served . — Answer, 


Mule  and  Frame  Spindles  with  Looms  No.  25  to  40  Yarn. 


No. 

SPINDLES. 

Fall. 

1000 

2000 

3000 

4000 

5000 

6000  7000 

8000 

9000 

10000 

10 

7.6 

15.2 

22.8 

30.4 

38.0 

45.6  53.2 

60.8 

68.4 

76 

11 

7.0 

14.0 

21.0 

28.0 

35.0 

42.0  49.0 

56.0 

63.0 

70 

12 

6.3 

12.6 

18.9 

25.2 

31.5 

37.8  44.1 

.50.4 

56  7 

63 

13 

6.0 

12.0 

18.0 

24.0 

30.0 

36.0  42.0 

48.0 

54.0 

60 

14 

5.4 

10.8 

16.2 

21.6 

27.0 

32.4  37.8 

43  2 

48.6 

54 

15 

5.0 

10.0 

15.0 

20.0 

25.0 

30.0  35.0 

40.0 

45.0 

50 

16 

4.7 

9.4 

14.1 

18.8 

23.5 

28.2  32.9 

37.6 

42.3 

47 

17 

4.5 

9.0 

13.5 

18.0 

22.5 

27.0  31.5 

36.0 

40.5 

45 

18 

4.2 

8.4 

12  6 

16.8 

21.0 

25.2  29.4 

•33  6 

37.8 

42 

19 

4.0 

8.0 

12.0 

16.0 

20.0 

24.0  28.0 

32.0 

36.0 

40 

20 

3.8 

7.6 

11.4 

15.2 

19.0 

22  8  26.6 

30.4 

34.2 

38 

21 

3.6 

7.2 

10.8 

14.4 

18.0 

21.6  25  2 

28.8 

32.4 

36 

2-2 

34 

6.8 

10.2 

13  6 

17.0 

20.4  23  8 

27.2 

30  6 

34 

23 

3.3 

66 

9.9 

13.2 

16.5 

19. 8  23.1 

26.4 

29.7 

33 

24 

31 

6.2 

9.3 

12.4 

15.5 

18.6  21.7 

24.8 

27.9 

31 

25 

3.0 

6.0 

9.0 

120 

15.0 

18.0  21.0 

24  0 

27.0 

30 

26 

2.9 

5.8 

8.7 

11.6 

14.5 

17.4  20  3 

23.2 

26  1 

29 

27 

2.8 

5.6 

8.4 

11.2 

14.0 

16  8  19.6 

22.4 

25.2 

28 

28 

2.7 

5.4 

8.1 

10.8 

13.5 

16.2  18.9 

21.6 

24.3 

27 

29 

2.6 

5.2 

7.8 

10.4 

13.0 

15.6  18  2 

20  8 

23.4 

26 

30 

2.5 

5.0 

7.5 

lO.O 

12.5 

15.0  117.5 

20.0 

22.5 

25 

COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


71 


It  will  be  noticed  that  the  number  of  yarn  in  these  tables 
range,  from  10  to  25,  and  25  to  40  ;  if  a  greater  degree  of 
accuracy  is  required,  or  the  length  of  the  wheel  required, 
say  for  No.  30  yarn,  it  can  be  found  by  referring  to  the  table 
showing  the  calculated  and  actual  power  required  to  drive 
different  number  and  kind  of  spindles  with  looms  on  differ- 
ent numbers  of  yarn ;  after  the  number  of  horse  power  is 
found,  refer  to  the  table  showing  the  horse  power  of  over- 
shot and  breast  wheel  on  different  falls,  and  of  different 
length. 


Mo.  8. 

Frame  Spindles  with  Looms  No.  10  to  20  Yarn. 


1 

! 

No.  SPINDLES. 

Fall. 

1000 

2000 

3000 

4000 

5000 

6000 

7000 

8000 

9000 

10000 

10 

103 

20.6 

30.9 

41.2 

51.5 

61.8 

72.1 

82.4 

92.7 

103.0 

11 

93 

18.6 

27.9 

32.2 

46.5 

55.8 

65.1 

74.4 

83.7 

93.0 

12 

8-6 

17.2 

25  8 

34.4  43.0 

51.6 

602 

68.8 

77.4 

86.0 

13 

8.0 

16.0 

24.0 

32.0 

40.0 

48.0  156.0 

64.0 

72.0 

80.0 

14 

7.3 

14.6 

21  9 

29.2  !36.5 

43.8 

51.1 

58.4 

65.7 

73.0 

15 

7.0 

140 

21.0 

28.0  |35.0 

42.0 

49.0 

56.0 

63.0 

70.0 

16 

6.4 

12.8 

19.2 

25.6  32.0 

38.4 

44.8 

51.2 

57.6 

64.0 

17 

6.0 

12.0 

18.0 

24  0  |30.0 

36.0 

42,0 

48.0 

54.0 

60  0 

18 

5.7 

11.4 

17.1 

22.8 

28.5 

34.2 

39.9 

45.6 

50.3 

57.0 

19 

5.4 

10.8 

16.2 

21.6 

27.0 

324 

37.8 

43  2 

48.6 

54.0 

20 

5  1 

102 

15.3 

20.4 

25.5 

30.6 

35.7 

40,8 

45.9 

51.0 

21 

4.9 

9.8 

14.7 

19.6 

24.5 

29.4 

343 

392 

44.1 

49.0 

22 

4.7 

9.4 

14.1 

18.8 

23.5 

28.2 

32.9 

37  6 

42.3 

47.0 

23 

4.5 

9.0 

13  5 

18  0 

22.5 

27.0 

31.5 

36.0 

40.5 

45.0 

24 

4.3 

8.6 

12.9 

17  2 

21.5 

25.8 

30.1 

34.4 

38.7 

43.0 

25 

4.1 

8.2 

12.3 

164 

20.5 

24.6 

28.7 

32.8 

36.9 

41.0 

26 

3.9 

7.8 

11.7 

15.6 

19.5 

23  4  |27.3 

31.2 

35  1 

39.0 

27 

3.8 

7  6 

11.4 

15.2 

19.0 

22.8  126.6 

30.4  i34.2 

38.0 

28 

3.7 

7.4 

11.1 

14.8 

18.5 

22  2  25.9 

29.6  33.3 

37.0 

29 

3.5 

7.0 

10  5 

14.0 

17.5 

21.0  i24  5 

28.0  131.5 

35.0 

30 

3.4 

6.8 

10.2 

13  6 

17.0 

20.4  |23.8 

27.2  130.6 

34.0 

72 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


No.  0. 

Frame  Spindles  with  Looms  No.  25  to  40  Yarn. 


No.  SPINDLES. 


Fall. 

1000  2000 

3000'4000 

1 

5000  6000  7000 

8000 

9000 

10000 

■ 

10 

1 

'8.7 

17.4 

26.1 

34.8 

43.5 

52.2  60.9 

69.6 

78.3 

87.0 

11 

8.0 

16  0 

24.0 

320 

40.0 

48.0  56  0 

64.0 

72.0 

80  0 

12 

|7.2 

14.4 

21.6 

28  8 

36.0 

43.2  j50.4 

57.6 

64.8 

72.0 

13 

!  6.7 

13.4 

20.1 

26.8 

33.6 

40.3  47.0 

53.7 

60.4 

67.2 

14 

!  6.2 

12  5 

18.7 

25.0 

31.2 

37.5  43.7 

50.0 

56.2 

62.5 

15 

!  5.8 

11.6 

17.4 

23.2 

29.1 

34.9  '40.7 

46.5 

52.3 

58.2 

36 

5.5 

11.0 

16  5 

22.0 

27.5 

33  0  38.5 

44.0 

49.5 

55.0 

17 

i  5.2 

10.4 

15.6 

20.8 

26.0  '31.2  36.4 

41.6 

468 

52.0 

18 

'  4.9 

9.8 

14.7 

19.6 

24.5 

29.4  34.3 

39.2 

44.1 

49.0 

19 

4.6 

9.2 

13.8 

184 

23.0  27.6  32.2 

36.8 

41.4 

46.0 

20 

|4.3 

8.7 

13  1 

17.4 

21.8 

26.1  30.5 

34.8 

39.2 

43.6 

21 

14.1 

8.2 

12.4 

16  5 

20.7  124.8  28.9 

33.1 

37.2 

41.4 

22 

j  4.0 

8.0 

12.0 

16.0 

20  0  24.0  27.8 

32.0 

36.0 

40.0 

23 

3.8 

7.6 

U.4 

15.2 

19.3  22.8  26.6 

30.4!34.2 

38.0 

24 

3.6 

7.2 

10.8 

14.4 

18.4 

21.6  25.2 

28.8  :32.4 

36.0 

25 

3.4 

68 

10.2 

13.6 

17.4 

20.4  23  8 

27.2  30.6 

34.0 

26 

3.3 

6.6 

9.9 

13.2 

16.5 

19.8  23.1 

26.4 '29.7 

33.0 

27 

3.2 

6.4 

9.6 

12  8 

16.0 

19.2  22.4 

25.6 

28.8 

32.0 

28 

3.1 

6.2 

9.3 

12.4 

15.5 

18.6  21.7 

24.8 

27.9 

31  0 

29 

3.0 

6.0 

9.0 

12  0 

15  0 

18.0  21.0 

24.0  27  0 

30  0 

30 

2.9 

5.8 

8.7 

11.6 

14.5 

17.4  20.3 

23.2 

26.1 

29.0 

The  following  table  shows  the  required  area  of  all  the 
openings  in  the  outward  discharging  turbine  wheel,  to  drive 
different  number  of  spindles  under  different  heads :  the  col- 
umn marked  "  Head,"  shows  the  number  of  feet  head,  the 
column  marked  "  No.  of  Spindles,"  shows  the  number  of 
spindles  to  be  driven. — (See  Note  B.) 

Example. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  an  outward  dis- 
charging turbine  wheel,  the  head  being  16  feet,  to  drive  3000 
spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  20  yarn — find  16  in  the  column 
''marked     Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING.  73 

under  3000  in  the  column  marked  Spindles,"  will  be  found 
200  inches  area. — Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  an  outward  dis- 
charging turbine  wheel,  the  head  being  20  feet,  to  drive  2000 
spindles  on  No.  25  yarn,  with  looms — find  20  in  the  column 
marked  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  2000  in  the  column  marked  "  Spindles,"  will  be  found 
103  inches  area. — Answer. 

No-  10. 

The  Outward  Discharging  Turbine  Water  Wheel  Mules  and 
Frames  and  Weaving  on  No.  18  to  25  Yarn. 


SPINDLES. 


Head 

500 

1000  1500 

2000 

2500 

3000 

3500 

4000 

4500 

5000 

5 

558 

744 

930 

1116 

1302 

1488 

1674 

1860 

2046 

2232 

6 

363 

484 

605 

726 

847 

968 

1089 

1210 

1331 

1452 

7 

311 

415 

519 

623 

727 

831 

935 

1039 

1143 

1247 

8 

245 

327 

409 

491 

573 

655 

737 

819 

901 

983 

9 

190 

253 

316 

379 

442 

505 

568 

631 

694 

757 

10 

163 

217 

271 

325 

379 

433 

487 

541 

595 

649 

11 

137 

183 

229 

275 

321 

367 

413 

459 

505 

551 

12 

122 

163 

204 

245 

286 

327 

368 

409 

450 

491 

13 

107 

143 

179 

215 

251 

287 

323 

359 

395 

431 

14 

95 

127 

159 

191 

223 

255 

287 

319 

351 

383 

15 

83 

111 

139 

167 

195 

223 

251 

279 

307 

335 

16 

75 

100 

125 

150 

175 

200 

225 

250 

275 

300 

17 

68 

91 

114 

137 

160 

183 

206 

229 

252 

275 

18 

62 

83 

104 

125 

146 

167 

188 

209 

230 

251 

19 

57 

76 

95 

114 

133 

152 

171 

190 

209 

228 

20 

52 

69 

86 

103 

120 

137 

154 

171 

188 

205 

21 

48 

64 

80 

96 

112 

128 

144 

160 

176 

192 

22 

45 

60 

75 

90 

105 

120 

135 

150 

165 

180 

23 

43 

57 

71 

85 

99 

113 

127 

141 

155 

169 

24 

39 

52 

65 

78 

91 

104 

117 

130 

143 

156 

25 

37 

49 

61 

73 

85 

97 

109 

121 

133 

145 

26 

35 

47 

59 

71 

83 

95 

107 

119 

131 

143 

27 

32 

43 

54 

65 

76 

87 

98 

109 

120 

131 

28 

31 

41 

51 

61 

71 

81 

91 

101 

111 

121 

29 

29 

39 

49 

59 

70 

79 

89 

100 

109 

119 

30 

28 

37 

46 

55 

64 

73 

82 

91 

100 

109 

74 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


The  following  table  shows  the  required  area  of  all  the 
openings  in  the  inward  discharging  turbine  wheel,  to  drive 
different  number  of  spindles  under  different  heads — the  col- 
umn marked  Head,"  shows  the  number  of  feet  head,  the 
column  marked  "  Spindles,"  shows  the  number  of  spindles 
to  be  driven.    (See  Note  B.) 

Example. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  an  inward  dis- 
charging turbine  wheel,  the  head  being  12  feet,  to  drive  2000 

N®.  11. 

The  Inwaud  or  Centre  D/scharging  Turbine  Water  Wheel  Mules 
AND  Frames  and  Weaving-  on  No.  18  to  25  Yarn. 


SPINDLES. 

Head 


500 

1000 

1500 

2000 

2500  3000 
 1  

3500  4000 

45005000 

5 

1000 

1333 

1666 

1999 

2332  2665 

2998  3331 

3664,3997 

6 

714 

952 

1190 

1428 

1666  1904 

2142  2380 

2618'2856 

7 

543 

624 

805 

986 

1167,1348 

1529  1710 

1891  2072 

8 

431 

574 

717 

860 

1003  1146 

1289  1432 

1575  1718 

9 

352 

469 

586 

703 

820  937 

1054  1171 

1288  1405 

10 

294 

392 

490 

588 

686|  784 

882 

980 

1078 1176 

11 

252 

336 

420 

504 

588'  672 

756 

840 

924 

1008 

12 

217 

289 

361 

433 

505  577 

649 

721 

793 

865 

13 

190 

253 

316 

379 

442;  505 

568 

631 

694 

755 

14 

169 

225 

281 

337 

393j  449 

505 

561 

617 

673 

15 

151 

201 

251 

301 

351  401 

451 

501 

551 

601 

16 

136 

181 

226 

271 

316,  361 

406 

451 

496 

541 

17 

123 

164 

205 

246 

287|  328 

369 

410 

451 

492 

18 

113 

151 

189 

227 

265  303 

341 

379 

417 

455 

19 

104 

139 

174 

209 

244  279 

314 

349 

384 

419 

20 

96 

128 

160 

192 

224  256 

288 

320 

352 

384 

21 

88 

117 

146 

175 

204'  233 

262 

291 

320 

349 

22 

82 

109 

136 

163 

190'  217 

244 

271 

298 

325 

23 

77 

103 

129 

155 

I81i  207 

233 

259 

285 

311' 

24 

72 

96 

120 

144 

168  192 

216 

240 

264 

288 

25 

67 

89 

111 

133 

155  177 

199 

221 

243 

265 

26 

63 

84 

105 

126 

147j  168 

189 

210 

231 

252 

27 

59 

79 

99 

119 

139  159 

179 

199 

219 

239 

28 

56 

75 

94 

113 

132  151 

170 

189 

208 

227 

29 

53 

71 

89 

107 

125  143 

161 

179 

197 

215 

30 

50 

67 

84 

101 

118'  135 

152 

169 

186 

203 

COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


75 


spindles  and  weaving  on  No.  25  yarn — find  12  in  the  col- 
umn  marked  "  Head/'  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
and  under  2000  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  of  Spindles," 
will  be  found  433  inches  area. — Ansiver, 

Example. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  the  inward  dis- 
charging turbine  wheel,  the  head  being  24  feet,  to  drive  3000 
spindles  and  weaving  on  No.  18  yarn — find  24  in  the  col- 
umn marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
and  under  3000  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  of  Spindles," 
will  be  found  192  inches  area. — Ansioer, 

The  following  table  shows  the  attendant  machinery  for 
different  number  of  spindles,  and  for  different  numbers  of 
yarn.  This  table  is  calculated  for  double  carding  when  the 
yarn  is  finer  than  No.  20. 

Example. 

Required,  the  attendant  machinery  for  2000  spindles  on 
No.  25  yarn — find  2000  in  the  column  marked  Spindles," 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  different  columns  will  be  found, 
1  willower,  1  picker,  16  cards,  2  R.  R.  Heads,  2  drawing 
frames,  20  coarse  speeder  spindles,  80  fine  speeder  spindles, 
56  spooler  spindles,  2  warpers,  2  dressers,  56  looms. — 
Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  attendant  machinery  for  4000  spindles  on 
No.  8  yarn — find  4000  in  the  column  marked  "  Spindles," 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  different  columns  will  be  found, 
1  willower,  3  pickers,  48  cards,  8  R.  R.  Heads,  8  drawing 
frames,  256  coarse  speeder  spindles,  (fine  speeder  spindles 
not  required  on  so  coarse  work,)  112  spooler  spindles,  2 
warpers,  4  dressers,  96  looms. — Answer, 


76 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


Mo-  12. 

No.  5  TO  10  Yarn. 


Average  cost 
from  different 
Mach.  Shops 

Willowers. 

Pickers,  two 
Beaters. 

Single  Cardg. 
30  in.  Cards. 

R.  R.  Heads. 

3  Heads  each 
Drawg.  Frams 

Spdr.  Spindles. 

Do.  fine  Do. 

Mule  and 

Frame 
Spindles. 

spooler 
Spindles. 

Warpers.  | 

Dressers.  | 

Looms. 

10555 

1 

1 

12 

2 

2 

64 

(( 

1000 

28 

1 

1 

24 

21035 

1 

2 

24 

4 

4 

128 

(( 

2000 

56 

2 

2 

48 

31015 

1 

3 

36 

6 

6 

192 

(( 

3000 

84 

2 

3 

72 

41395 

1 

3 

48 

8 

8 

256 

4000 

112 

2 

4 

96 

51875 

I 

4 

60 

10 

10 

320 

5000 

140 

3 

5 

120 

62255 

1 

5 

72 

12 

12 

384 

(( 

6000 

168 

3 

6 

144 

72730 

1 

6 

84 

14 

14 

448 

7000 

196 

4 

7 

168 

83190 

2 

7 

96 

16 

16 

512 

8000 

224 

4 

8 

192 

93570 

2 

8 

108 

18 

18 

576 

t< 

9000 

252 

4 

9 

216 

103650 

2 

8 

120 

20 

20 

640 

<( 

10000 

280 

5 

10 

240 

No.  10  TO  20  Yarn. 


10055 

1 

1 

8 

2 

2 

12 

50 

3  000 

28 

1 

1 

1  28 

19710 

1 

2 

16 

4 

3 

24 

100 

2000 

56 

1 

2 

56 

29065 

1 

2 

24 

6 

4 

36 

150 

3000 

84 

2 

3 

84 

38720 

1 

3 

32 

8 

5 

48 

200 

4000 

112 

2 

4 

112 

48075 

1 

3 

40 

10 

6 

60 

250 

5000 

140 

3 

5 

140 

57730 

1 

4 

48 

12 

7 

72 

300 

6000 

168 

3 

6 

168 

67310 

1 

4 

56 

14 

9 

84 

350 

7000 

196 

4 

7 

196 

76965 

1 

5 

64 

16 

10 

96 

400 

8000 

224 

4 

8 

224 

86945 

1 

6 

72 

18 

12 

108 

450 

9000 

252 

5 

9 

252 

96200 

1 

6 

80 

20 

13 

120 

500 

10000 

280 

5 

10 

280 

No.  20  TO  30  Yarn. 

9345 

]  1 

1 

8 

1 

1 

10 

40 

1000 

28 

1 

1 

I  28 

18535 

I 

1 

16 

2 

2 

20 

80 

2000 

56 

2 

2 

1  56 

2703  0 

1 

2 

24 

3 

2 

30 

120 

3000 

84 

2 

3  84 

36280 

1 

2 

32 

4 

3 

40 

160 

4000 

112 

2 

4  112 

44875 

1 

2 

40 

5 

3 

50 

200 

5000 

140 

3 

5  140 

54145 

1 

3 

48 

6 

4 

60 

240 

6000 

168 

4 

6  168 

63090 

1 

3 

56 

7 

4 

70 

280 

7000 

196 

4 

7196 

72360 

1 

3 

64 

8 

5 

80 

320 

8000 

224 

5 

8 

224 

81080 

1 

4 

72 

9 

6 

90 

360 

9000 

252 

5 

9  252 

90350 

1 

4 

80 

10 

7 

100 

400 

10000 

280 

6 

10,280 

No.  30  TO  40  Yarn. 


8855j 

1 

1 

6 

1 

1 

10 

38 

1000 

28 

1 

1 

25 

16860 

1 

1 

12 

2 

1 

20 

76 

2000 

56 

1 

2 

50 

25190 

1 

1 

18 

3 

2 

30 

114 

3000 

84 

2 

2 

75 

33645 

1 

2 

24 

4 

2 

40 

152 

4000 

112 

2 

3 

100 

41525 

1 

2 

30 

5 

3 

50 

190 

5000 

140 

3 

3 

125 

49980 

1 

2 

36 

6 

3 

60 

228 

6000 

168 

3 

4 

150 

58610 

1 

2 

42 

7 

4 

70 

266 

7000 

196 

4 

5 

175 

66315 

1 

3 

48 

8 

4 

80 

304 

8000 

224 

4 

5 

200 

74920 

1 

3 

54 

9 

4 

90 

342 

9000 

252 

5 

6 

225 

83600 

1 

3 

60 

10 

5 

100 

380 

10000 

280 

5 

7 

250 

COTTON  MANUFACTURING.  /     "--^    ^  77 

If  other  speeders  are  preferred,  the  number  of  each  kind 
can  be  found  from  the  following  statement 

Non-twisting  speeder,  10  spindles;  twisting  ditto,  25 
spindles;  fly  frame,  50  spindles: — all  produding  the  same 
amount  of  work  on  the  same  No.  of  yarn. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  revolutions  per 
minute  that  shafts  make  when  driven  by  different  size  pul- 
leys ;  two  inches  is  the  ordinary  ratio  of  increase  of  the 
diameter  of  pulleys;  the  following  table  is  calculated  accord- 
ingly— opposite  to  each  table  will  be  found  the  number  of 
revolutions  per  minute  that  the  driving  shaft  is  supposed  to 
run  ;  the  column  marked  "  Driving  Pulleys,"  shows  the  di- 
ameter of  the  pulleys  which  are  to  go  on  to  the  driving  shaft; 
the  column  marked  Driven  Pulleys,"  shows  the  diameter 
of  the  pulleys  which  are  to  go  on  to  the  driven  shaft. 

Example. 

The  driving  shaft  runs  120  turns  per  minute,  the  driving 
pulley  on  it  is  14  inches  in  diameter ;  required,  the  diameter 
of  the  driven  pulley  on  the  centre  shaft,  so  it  will  make  140 
turns  per  minute — find  14  in  the  column  marked  "  Driving 
Pulleys,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  find  140  over 
this  number,  and  in  the  column  marked  "  Driven  Pulleys," 
will  be  found  12  inches. — Answer. 

Example. 

A  frame  shaft  is  driven  136  turns  per  minute  by  a  pul- 
ley 12  inches  in  diameter  ;  required,  the  diameter  of  a  pul- 
ley to  drive  the  frame  shaft  182  turns  per  minute — find  12 
in  the  column  marked  "Driving  Pulleys,"  (opposite  to  114 
revolutions,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table  find  136, 
below  this  number  in  the  same  column  will  be  found  182, 
opposite  to  which  in  the  column  marked  "  Driving  Pulleys," 
will  be  found  16  inches,  the  diameter  of  the  required  pulley. 
—Answer. 


riving 
illeys. 

10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 

10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 

10 
12 
14 

16 
18 
20 
22 
24 

10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 

10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


Wo.  13. 

96  Revolutions. 


DRIVEN  PULLEYS. 


10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

96 

80 

68 

60 

53 

48 

44 

40 

115 

96 

82 

72 

64 

58 

52 

48 

134 

112 

96 

84 

75 

67 

61 

56 

153 

128 

109 

96 

85 

77 

69 

64 

172 

144 

123 

108 

96 

86 

78 

72 

192 

160 

137 

120 

106 

96 

87 

80 

211 

176 

150 

132 

117 

106 

96 

88 

230 

192 

164 

144 

128 

115 

104 

96 

98  Revolutions. 

98 

81 

70 

61 

54 

49 

45 

41 

118 

98 

84 

73 

65 

59 

oo 

137 

114 

98 

86 

76 

68 

^7 

157 

131 

112 

98 

87 

78 

71 

vo 

176 

147 

126 

110 

98 

88 

80 

73 

196 

163 

140 

122 

109 

98 

89 

82 

216 

179 

154 

134 

120 

108 

98 

90 

235 

196 

168 

147 

131 

117 

107 

98 

100  Revolutions. 

100 

83 

71 

62 

56 

50 

45 

42 

120 

100 

85 

75 

67 

60 

54 

140 

116 

100 

87 

78 

70 

63 

oo 

160 

133 

114 

100 

89 

80 

72 

67 

180 

150 

128 

112 

100 

90 

82 

1  0 

200 

166 

142 

125 

111 

100 

V  1 

oo 

220 

183 

157 

137 

122 

110 

100 

92 

240 

200 

171 

150 

133 

120 

109 

100 

102  Revolutions. 

102 

85 

73 

C4 

57 

51 

^  u 

A9 

122 

102 

87 

76 

68 

\)i 

OD 

1 

143 

119 

102 

89 

79 

71 

\)0 

OJ 

163 

136 

116 

102 

91 

82 

i  t 

DO 

184 

153 

131 

115 

102 

OO 

7<^ 

204 

170 

145 

127 

113 

102 

Q'l 

iJO 

fit; 

224 

187 

160 

140 

125 

112 

102 

93 

245 

204 

175 

153 

136 

122 

111 

102 

104  Revolutions. 

104 

1  86 

65 

57 

52 

47 

43 

J  24 

104 

69 

78 

69 

62 

56 

53 

145 

121 

104 

91 

80 

72 

66 

61 

166 

138 

118 

104 

92 

83 

75 

70 

187 

156 

133 

117 

104 

93 

85 

78 

208 

173 

148 

130 

115 

104 

94 

87 

228 

190 

163 

143 

127 

114 

104 

95 

249 

208 

178 

156 

138 

124 

113 

104 

COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


79 


No,  13. — Continued. 
106  Revolutions. 


DRIVEN  PULLEYS. 

Driving 
Pulleys. 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 

106 
127 
148 
169 
190 
212 
233 
254 

88 
106 
124 
141 
159 
176 
194 
212 

75 
91 
106 
121 
136 
151 
166 
181 

66 
79 
93 
106 
119 
132 
145 
159 

58 
70 
82 
94 
106 
117 
129 
141 

53 
63 
74 
84 
95 
106 
116 
127 

48 
58 
67 
77 
87 
96 
106 
115 

44 
53 
61 
70 
79 
88 
97 
106 

108  Revolutions. 


10 

108 

90 

77 

67 

60 

54 

49 

45 

12 

129 

108 

92 

81 

72 

64 

58 

54 

14 

151 

126 

108 

94 

84 

75 

68 

63 

16 

172 

144 

123 

108 

96 

86 

78 

72 

18 

194 

162 

138 

121 

108 

97 

88 

81 

20 

216 

180 

154 

135 

120 

108 

98 

90 

22 

237 

198 

169 

148 

132 

118 

108 

99 

24 

259 

216 

185 

162 

144 

129 

117 

108 

110  Revolutions. 


10 

110 

91 

78 

68 

61 

55 

50 

45 

12 

132 

110 

94 

82 

73 

66 

60 

55 

14 

154 

128 

110 

96 

85 

77 

70 

64 

16 

176 

146 

125 

110 

97 

88 

80 

73 

18 

198 

164 

141 

123 

no 

99 

90 

82 

20 

220 

183 

157 

137 

122 

110 

100 

91 

22 

242 

201 

172 

151 

134 

121 

110 

100 

24 

264 

220 

188 

165 

146 

132 

120 

110 

112  Revolutions. 

10 

112 

93 

80 

70 

62 

56 

51 

46 

12 

134 

112 

96 

84 

74 

67 

61 

56 

14 

156 

130 

112 

98 

87 

78 

71 

65 

16 

179 

149 

128 

112 

99 

89 

81 

74 

18 

201 

168 

144 

126 

111 

100 

91 

84 

20 

224 

186 

160 

140 

124 

112 

101 

93 

22 

446 

205 

176 

154 

136 

123 

111 

102 

24 

268 

224 

192 

168 

149 

134 

122 

112 

114  Revolutions. 

10 

114 

95 

81 

71 

63 

57 

52 

47 

12 

136 

114 

97 

85 

76 

68 

62 

57 

14 

159 

133 

113 

99 

88 

79 

72 

66 

16 

182 

152 

130 

114 

101 

91 

83 

76 

18 

205 

171 

146 

128 

114 

102 

93 

85 

20 

228 

190 

162 

142 

126 

114 

103 

95 

22 

250 

209 

178 

156 

139 

125 

113 

104 

24 

273 

228 

195 

171 

152 

136 

124 

114 

80  r.IECHANICAL  PRINCIPTA. 


No.  13. — Continued. 
116  Retolutions. 


Driving 
Pulleys. 

DRIVEN  PULLEYS. 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

10 

116 

96 

82 

72 

64 

58 

52 

48 

12 

139 

116 

99 

87 

77 

69 

63 

58 

14 

162 

135 

116 

101 

90 

81 

73 

67 

16 

185 

154 

132 

116 

103 

92 

84 

77 

18 

208 

173 

149 

130 

116 

104 

94 

87 

20 

232 

193 

165 

145 

128 

116 

105 

96 

22 

255 

212 

182 

159 

141 

127 

115 

106 

24 

278 

232 

199 

174 

154 

139 

126 

116 

118  Revolutions. 


10 

118 

98 

84 

73 

65 

59 

53 

49 

12 

141 

118 

101 

88 

78 

70 

64 

59 

14 

165 

137 

117 

103 

91 

82 

75 

68 

16 

188 

157 

134 

118 

104 

94 

85 

78 

18 

212 

176 

151 

132 

118 

106 

96 

88 

20 

236 

196 

168 

147 

131 

118 

107 

98 

22 

259 

216 

185 

162 

144 

129 

118 

108 

24 

283 

236 

202 

176 

157 

141 

128 

118 

120  Revolutions. 

10 

120 

100 

85 

75 

66 

60 

54 

50 

12 

144 

120 

102 

90 

80 

72 

65 

60 

14 

168 

140 

119 

105 

93 

84 

76 

70 

16 

192 

160 

137 

120 

106 

96 

87 

80 

18 

216 

180 

154 

135 

120 

108 

98 

90 

20 

240 

200 

171 

150 

133 

120 

109 

100 

22 

264 

220 

188 

165 

146 

132 

120 

110 

24 

288 

240 

205 

180 

160 

144 

131 

120 

122  Revolutions. 


10 

122 

101 

87 

76 

67 

61 

55 

50 

12 

146 

J  22 

104 

91 

81 

73 

66 

60 

14 

170 

142 

122 

108 

94 

85 

77 

71 

16 

195 

162 

139 

122 

108 

97 

88 

81 

18 

219 

183 

156 

137 

121 

109 

99 

91 

20 

244 

203 

174 

152 

135 

122 

110 

101 

22 

268 

223 

191 

167 

148 

134 

12i^ 

111 

24 

292 

244 

209 

183 

162 

146 

133 

121 

124  Revolutions. 

10 

124 

103 

88 

77 

68 

62 

56 

51 

12 

148 

124 

106 

93 

82 

74 

67 

62 

14 

173 

144 

124 

103 

96 

86 

78 

72 

16 

198 

165 

141 

124 

110 

99 

90 

82 

18 

223 

186 

159 

139 

123 

111 

101 

93 

20 

248 

206 

177 

155 

137 

124 

112 

103 

22 

272 

227 

194 

170 

151 

136 

123 

113 

24 

297 

248 

212 

186 

165 

148 

135 

124 

COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


81 


No.  13. — Continued. 
126  Revolutions. 


DRIVEN  PULLEYS. 

Driving 
Pulleys. 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

10 

126 

105 

90 

78 

70 

63 

57 

52 

12 

151 

126 

108 

94 

84 

75 

68 

63 

14 

176 

147 

126 

110 

98 

88 

80 

73 

16 

201 

168 

144 

126 

112 

100 

91 

84 

18 

226 

189 

162 

141 

126 

113 

102 

94 

20 

252 

210 

180 

157 

140 

126 

114 

105 

22 

277 

231 

198 

173 

154 

138 

125 

115 

24 

302 

252 

216 

189 

168 

151 

137 

126 

128  Revolutions. 

10 

128 

106 

91 

80 

71 

64 

58 

53 

12 

153 

128 

109 

96 

85 

76 

69 

64 

14 

179 

149 

128 

112 

99 

89 

81 

74 

16 

204 

170 

146 

128 

113 

102 

92 

85 

18 

230 

191 

164 

144 

128 

115 

104 

96 

20 

256 

213 

182 

160 

142 

128 

116 

106 

22 

281 

234 

200 

176 

156 

140 

127 

117 

24 

307 

255 

219 

192 

170 

153 

139 

128 

130  Revolutions. 

10 

130 

108 

92 

81 

72 

65 

59 

54 

12 

156 

130 

111 

97 

86 

78 

71 

65 

14 

182 

151 

130 

114 

101 

91 

82 

75 

16 

208 

173 

148 

130 

115 

104 

94 

86 

18 

234 

195 

167 

146 

130 

117 

l06 

97 

20 

260 

216 

185 

162 

144 

130 

118 

108 

22 

286 

238 

204 

178 

158 

143 

130 

119 

24 

312 

260 

223 

195 

173 

156 

141 

130 

The  following  table  is  calculated  for  factories  situated  in 
the  Northern  States — the  column  marked  "  Spindles/^  shows 
the  number  of  spindles  in  the  factory  with  looms,  the  column 
marked^"  Tons/'  shows  the  number  of  tons  of  Anthracite 
Coal  consumed  per  year.  The  factories  are  supposed  to  be 
heated  by  steam. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  tons  of  Anthracite  Coal  per  year 
to  heat  a  factory  containing  2000  spindles  with  looms — find 

5 


82 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


2000  in  the  column  marked  "  Spindles,"  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  column-  marked  "  Tons,"  will  be  found  32 
tons ;  this  includes  the  coal  required  for  making  starch,  and 
heating  the  dressing  room. — Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  tons  of  Anthracite  Coal  per  year 
to  heat  a  factory  containing  8000  spindles  with  looms — find 
8000  in  the  column  marked  "  Spindles,"  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  column  marked  "  Tons,"  will  be  found  128 
tons. — Answer. 


Spindles 

Tons. 

1000 

16 

2000 

32 

3000 

48 

4000 

64 

5000 

80 

6000 

96 

7000 

112 

8000 

128 

9000 

144 

10000 

160 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  cubic  feet  in 
the  plain  cylindrical  return  flue  boiler  required  to  heat  fac- 
tories containing  different  number  of  spindles  with  looms. 
This  table  is  predicated  from  those  factories  which  consume 
the  least  amount  of  coal  for  a  given  number  of  spindles  ;  the 
column  marked  "  Spindles,"  shows  the  number  of  spindles 
with  looms  which  the  factories  contain. 

Example. 

A  boiler  is  3  feet  in  diameter  and  13  feet  long,  the  con- 
tents in  cubic  feet  is  92,  nearly  what  size  factory  will 
this  boiler  heat — find  92,  or  the  nearest  number  to  it  in  the 
column  marked  "  Contents,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


83 


column  marked  "  Spindles,"  will  be  found  2000  spindles 
with  looms. — Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  contents  of  a  boiler  to  heat  a  factory  con- 
taining 4000  spindles  with  looms — find  4000  in  the  column 
mai'ked  "  Spindles,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "Contents,"  will  be  found  184  cubic  feet:  if  the 
diameter  of  this  boiler  was  2  feet,  what  would  be  the  length, 
the  area  of  the  end  of  a  boiler  2  feet  in  diameter  is  3  feet 
nearly,  divide  184  by  3,  gives  61-J-  feet,  the  length  of  the 
boiler,  or  two  boilers  say  30  feet  each,  and  2  feet  in  diame- 
ter.— Ansicer. 


Wo.  15. 


Spindles 

Contents. 

1000 

46 

2000 

92 

3000 

138 

4000 

184 

5000 

230 

6000 

276 

7000 

322 

8000 

368 

9000 

414 

10000 

460 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  operatives  re- 
quired to  operate  different  number  of  spindles,  on  different 
numbers  of  yarn  with  looms  :  this  table  is  predicated  from 
the  statements  in  the  Note  (I.)— the  column  marked  "  Spin- 
dles," shows  the  number  of  spindles  to  be  operated  with 
looms,  the  column  marked  "No.  of  Yarn,"  shows  the  num- 
ber of  the  yarn. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  operatives  to  operate  6000  spin- 
dles the  number  of  the  yarn  being  35 — find  6000  in  the 


84 


MECHANICAL  PRlNCiriA. 


column  marked  Spindles,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  35  in  the  column  marked  ''No.  of  Yarn," 
will  be  found  1G2  operatives,  the  number  required  to  operate 
6000  mule  and  frame  spindles  with  looms  on  No.  35  yarn. 
— Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  operatives  to  operate  10000  spin- 
dles, the  number  of  the  yarn  being  15 — find  10000  in  the 
column  marked  "  Spindles,''  .opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  15  in  the  column  marked  No.  of  Yarn," 
will  be  found  330  operatives. — Ansioer, 


No.  ICI. 


Spindls. 

No.  5. 

No.  10. 

No.  15. 

No.  20. 

No.  25. 

No.  30. 

No.  35. 

No.  40. 

1000 

.36 

35 

33 

32 

30 

29 

27 

26 

2000 

72 

69 

66 

63 

60 

57 

54 

52 

3000 

i  lOS 

103 

99 

94 

90 

85 

81 

78 

4000 

i  144 

138 

132 

126 

120 

114 

103 

104 

5000 

!  180 

172 

165 

157 

150 

142 

135 

130 

6000 

!  216 

207 

198 

189 

180 

171 

162 

156 

7000 

;  252 

241 

231 

220 

210 

199 

189 

182 

8000 

288 

276 

264 

252 

240 

228 

216 

208 

9000 

324 

310 

297 

283 

270 

256 

243 

234 

10000 

3G0 

345 

330 

315 

300 

285 

270 

260 

The  following  tables  show  the  amount  paid  for  labor  per 
week,  to  operate  different  number  of  spindles  with  looms  ; 
and  the  amount  paid  per  week,  including  all  expenses  except 
the  cost  of  cotton,  to  operate  different  number  of  spindles  witli 
looms  on  different  number  of  yarn. 

Example. 

Required,  the  amount  paid  per  week  including  all  ex- 
penses except  the  cost  of  cotton,  to  operate  4000  spindles 
with  looms  on  No.  30  yarn — find  4000  in  the  column  marked 
Spindles,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under 
"  No.  30,"  will  be  found  550  (hWav^.—Ansirer. 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


85 


Example  . 

Required,  the  amount  paid  per  week  for  labor,  to  operate 
2000  mule  and  frame  spindles  on  No.  30  yarn  with  looms — 
find  2000  in  the  column  marked  "  Spindles,"  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  No.  30,"  will  be 
found  204  dollars. — Ansiver, 


No.  17. 

Amount  Paid  per  Week,  Lncluding  all  Expenses  except  the  cost 
OF  Cotton. 


Spindls. 

No.  5. 

No.  10. 

No.  15. 

No.  20. 

No  25. 

No.  30. 

No.  35. 

No.  40. 

1000 

174 

167 

160 

153 

146 

139 

132 

124 

2000 

348 

334 

320 

306 

292 

278 

264 

249 

3000 

522 

501 

480 

459 

438 

417 

396 

373 

4000 

696 

668 

640 

612 

584 

556 

528 

498 

5000 

870 

835 

800 

765 

730 

695 

660 

622 

6000 

1044 

1002 

960 

918 

876 

834 

792 

747 

7000 

]218 

1169 

1120 

1071 

1022 

973 

924 

871 

8000 

1392 

1336 

1280 

1224 

1168 

1112 

1056 

996 

9000 

1566 

1503 

1440 

1377 

1314 

1251 

1188 

1120 

10000 

1740 

1670 

1600 

1530 

1460 

1390 

1320 

1245 

Amount 

Paid  to  Operatives  per  Week. 

Spindls. 

No.  5. 

No.  10. 

No.  15. 

No.  20. 

No.  25. 

No.  30. 

No.  35. 

No.  40. 

lUOO 

130 

124- 

119 

113 

108 

102 

96 

91 

2000 

260 

248 

238 

226 

216 

204 

192 

182 

3000 

390 

372 

357 

339 

324 

306 

288 

273 

4000 

520 

496 

476 

452 

432 

408 

384 

364 

5000 

650 

620 

595 

565 

540 

510 

480 

455 

6000 

780 

744 

714 

678 

648 

612 

576 

546 

7000 

910 

868 

833 

791 

756 

714 

672 

637 

8000 

1040 

992 

952 

904 

864 

816 

768 

728 

9000 

1170 

1116 

1071 

1017 

972 

918 

864 

819 

10000 

1300 

1240 

1190 

1130 

1080 

1020 

960 

910 

The  following  table  shows  the  cost  per  pound,  for  manu- 
facturing different  numbers  of  yarn  from  different  prices 
of  cotton — the  column  marked  "  No.  Yarn,"  shows  the 
number  of  yarn,  the  column  marked     Hanks,"  shows  the 


86 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


number  of  hanks  per  spindle  the  frames  are  supposed  to  turn 
off  per  day,  the  column  marked  Price  of  Cotton/'  shows 
the  range  of  the  cost  of  the  same  quality  of  cotton  ;  this  table 
is  calculated  for  a  mill  of  2000  frame  spindles,  either  the 
cap  frame,  or  the  dead  spindle  frame,  or  the  ring  and  traveler 
frame.    (See  Note  H.) 


No.  1§. 


No.  Yarn 


Hanks. 


o  "X)  CO  00  ^ 


cn  _oi         CO  CO  JS2  j-i 

j:^  ^  O  4^  ^1  O  CO  '--T 

to*— 'O0>--Ovj^a:co 


)  CO  CO  -a 
I  O  4^  ^ 

.  OO  I-'  F-* 


^  Oi  Oi  Oi 


CO  to  to 

iO  CO  CO 
CO  CO  CTi  CO 


5       O  bo  05  lo       CTS  bo  io  Cr«  CO 

-|-'^oo^o^-'a:^2oo^oa5io 


)  00       05  OS 

>  io  cn  00  io 

)  JO  M)  00  CO 


Cn  jpi"  CO 
00  t--.  05 


iO  M)  to  M)  1 
CO  to  to  h-  ,c 


>  CO  00       05  05  Cn  4^ 

I  bo  'k-  0^  bo  o  *4i^  ^  h-- 

'tOlOGO^i^^OO:  — 


?  CO  GO  00  ^ 
'  4^       O  4^ 

:)  to  to  -5 1— ' 


05  en  4^ 
05  CO  CO  ^ 
05  CO  05 


K-"  K- 

5  O  CO  00  00 


3  O  CO  05  O 

:)tOK-05i-'Cnooo5i-' 


^  05  Cn 
to  Cr»  CO  CO 


to  to 

4^  CO 
O  CO 
4^  4^ 


to  to  to 
to  to 

05  O  CO 
05  CO  to 


O  CO  CO  00 
05  CO  to  CT5 
to  to  00  to 


^  ^  05  Cn 


)  to  to  t 

(  4^  CO  C 


>  to  cn  bo  to  i 

?  to  I—  00  (  -  ' 


5  00  •<»  ^  05  I— 


Example. 

Required,  the  cost  per  pound  to  make  number  20  twist, 
when  the  cotton  is  worth  10  cents — find  20  in  the  column 
marked  No.  of  Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
and  under  10  in  the  column  marked  Price  of  Cotton,"  will 
be  found  18.01  cents  per  pound. — Aiisiver, 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


87 


Example. 

Requiredj  the  cost  per  pound  to  make  No.  28  twist, 
when  cotton  is  worth  8^  cents — find  28  in  the  column  mark- 
ed "  No.  Yarn,'^  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
ynder  8^  in  the  column  marked  "  Price  of  Cotton/'  will  be 
found  18.92  €ents  per  pound. 

The  following  tables  show  the  cost  per  yard  for  manu- 
facturing different  styles  of  goods — the  column  marked 


No.  19. 


Wdth 

No. 

Yarn 

O05*000»fs^CX)>|S>.00rfi.O 

Filng 

Warp 

t;^ooooooooo 

Wt. 

CJOi—ooOGOCnOOtnai 

OS 

Id  bo  I;^.  I-*  bo  ^  bo  io  cn  - 

"00  tn  CO  05       05  00  O  O  • 

^       OJ  05  05  ;Cn  Crt       C5  • 

0  CD  Cn  CO  CD       O  ii^  ^ 

01  ZO  CD  lo  a^-^  OD  ejx  4^  ' 

bot-'J-'^ii^OH-'io^CD 
C;iCDCOWOOC;iOO^OOO 

eDCojoboOTJ-'Ooji^cDjo 

00 

'h-*     '4:^     CO  io  CTi  hi  iz)  If^  ■ 
•"-■crTi— oootooooocn 

00 

00-^-<l-<IC5C5050^'<l05 

bx     io  OS  CO  00  'tf^ 
4^CC)OiOOa5M>i-'-<ICnO 

CO 

Q0^^<!^a5^i^;<!ai 

CO^OSCO^-'rf^OO^CD 

-^^-'CDa5^^l-'^oooo4:i- 

CO 

tnboboji^^jocrijojocDH-' 
o><^ooaooooi:oa5-cnoo 

0 

05  CD  0            Cri       tji^  'to 
OO^CJOW(^::>.CO^^».OOOiO■ 

0 

H-j  i<!  CT}  b:,  05  c^i     crs  ^ 

OSOwOOOODCnCOC^Oj  ^ 

86 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


Width,"  shows  the  width  of  the  goods,  the  column  marked 
"  No.  Yarn,"  shows  the  number  of  the  yarn,  the  columns 
marked  "  Filling  and  Warp,"  shows  the  number  of  picks 
or  threads  per  inch  in  the  filling  and  warp,  the  column 
marked  "  Weight,"  shows  the  number  of  yards  per  pound, 
the  column  marked  "  Price  of  Cotton,"  shows  the  price  of 
the  cotton.  Two  statements  are  given  in  Note  (I)  in  order 
to  show  the  data  from  which  these  tables  were  calculated. 


Wo.  20. 

<! 

00 

Wdth 

O  C5  CO  O  00  trt  to  00  iJJ^ 

No. 
Yarn 

OO'^^OSOJOiC^rf^vf^k^ 
OCiM)00>Ji>.00rf^00Kj^O 

Filng 

<^  Jv'^  Cr>  ilii.          .K    (~\  /-rs  iK  1>5 
J  iw                            ^^m^  ^  J  rr^  *-v 

Warp 

('Y^        or^  (nr\                          (Tl^  lTv 
KJJ  W  (JJ  KJJ                SArf  "iLi^ 

Wt. 

00  ZJX  to  >— '  CO  CO  Co 
OO^O4i^00OCr*l04^ 

I—*  to  CT>  Co  CO  O"  I—*  CJT  00 
►fs-OOOH-'CS^rfi^OOlO 

K>|M 

00  k)  o  ^     H-"  J-'     OS  o 

0:»t0COJN2aD00  00tn00O 

^qa^OiO^Cn  O^tnC^Cr^pi 
ocojsijbccTsjocotfxboh-' 

^StOOCOO-^liOOCrsOO 

Uiji».C0C0^C04:».btOC0 

00 

^o^CiOiCnc/itntnastrt 
Kobihf^obOhl^CTi^kjCn 
l--'COJOCn4i^Cr«OOJ04:i. 

00 

4i»-CnCoa5a54i>.*ii.C.nOJs3 

I^^c^Ksob^ooobibo 

a54:i.»;:i.^OOCOOOOOOCO 

CO 

;<IO^CTiO^C5Cin0^0505C5 
Cn  GO  ^  CO  io  *•<!  O  I--  ^  O 
00C;^C^^00O^^^3Cn^;:».^ 

1—1 

o 

><!0^O^C5C5CinO5O^O^Q5 

cscoboJl^cobot-'Coccjss 

004i>>cr5COlO(-'a50M)Cr» 

o 

OOOCOOjiip^COCojs'f-'ifi^  til 
C04^-<}Off^OOCAOC0j  ^ 

COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


89 


Example. 

The  number  of  the  yam  being  31,  the  number  of  picks 
in  the  filling  and  warp  being  64  and  60  per  inch,  the  weight 
of  the  goods  being  5.8  yards  per  pound,  the  width  of  the 
goods  being  and  the  cost  of  the  cotton  being  8  cents,  re- 
quired, the  cost  per  yard — find  31  in  the  column  marked 
No.  Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  8 
in  the  column  marked  Price  of  Cotton,"  will  be  found  4.68 
cents  per  yard,  the  total  cost  of  manufacturing. — Answer. 


Wo.  21. 


to 

Wdth 

*^tOtOCOtCJs3iOi-*i-Jt— ' 

iSo.  j 
Yam 

Warp 

tntnOiCntnOitnhfi-COf^ 

Wt. 

C-«^*^i4i'4^tOaJ4^(4i^to 

in  CD  ^  br  ho  io  io  ho  'cn  io 

OS 

rf^  I—*  00       Co  O  O  4^  1—' 

jo  CO  '---1     h-i  H-i  cri  CO  io 

H-i^COtnCiKl^CO^Oi^ 

as 

^COh-'CoinjoCO^h-'ifs- 
COO^Otn-^ClOr—  tOff^ 

Oi  Oi                    hf^  o-i 

bo     10     b:>  ic     bo  Iz) 'a:> 

OitOf—  ►f^GO'-li-'OiCOl— ' 

00 

COOitOO^iji-OlCoI^^I 
^arf^tOtnCOCrrlOCOC^iOO 

00 
loH 

ob^^;^^-'COt^c^i^— 'OlCO 
COCOOOi^i.Ohfi-COCOtOtn 

CO 

CO 

4i>.c;iOiht^is2toc/»h-''<fco 

1— ' 

o 

Oi^co^a^iobocobii— 'j^ 

1— > 

o 

b^obobicocoob^toCTi 

5* 


90 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


The  foUowino;  table  shows  the  number  of  revolutions  of 
the  front  roller  per  minute  on  different  kinds  of  spinning  ma- 
chines— the  column  marked  "  No.  Yarn,"  shows  the  num- 
ber of  the  yarn,  the  columns  marked  Cap,  Dead,  Ring, 
Live,  and  Mule  Spindles,"  shows  the  different  kinds  of 
spinning. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute  of  the 
front  roller  on  the  cap  frame  to  spin  No.  20  yarn — find  20 
in  the  column  marked  No.  Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  num- 
ber in  the  column  marked  "  Cap  Spindles,"  will  be  found 
100  revolutions. — Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  'number  of  "  Stretches "  a  self-operating 
mule  will  make  per  minute  on  No.  35  yarn — find  35  in  the 
column  marked  "  No.  Yarn,"  opposite  to  the  number  in 
the  column  marked  ''Mule  Spindles,"  will  be  found  2f- 
stretches. — Answer, 


Mo.  22. 


No. 
Yarn. 

Cap 
Spindles 

Dead 
Spindles 

Ring 
Spindles 

Live 
Spindles 

Mule 
Spindles 

5. 

100 

80 

3 

10  1 

90 

75 

3 

15  1 

110 

85 

85 

70 

3 

20  1 

100 

80 

80 

68 

3 

25 

96 

78 

78 

65 

3 

30 

90 

75 

75 

62 

25 

35 

72 

72 

60 

2i 

40  i 

68 

68 

56 

2| 

The  following  table  shows  the  range  of  drafts  and  doub- 
lings, which  are  preferred  by  different  manufacturers. 

Example. 

Required,  the  range  of  draft  that  a  card  may  have — find 
"  Card,"  in  the  column  marked  machine,  opposite,  in  the 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING.'  —  V-^ 

column  marked  "Draft,"  will  be  found  40  to  80  draft,  tins 
shows  that  some  manufacturers  draw  40  to  1,  while  otjieife 
draw  80  to  1. — Answer,  /-^  I 

Example.  - 
Required,  the  range  of  doublings  on  the  drawing  frame 
— find  "  Drawing,"  in  the  column  marked  "  Machines," 
opposite  in  the  column  marked  "  Doublings,"  will  be  found 
64  to  212  doublin2:s. — Answer. 


No.  23. 


Machines. 

Drafts. 

Doublings. 

Picker 

1    to  2 

1    to  3 

Card 

40    to  80 

40    to  60 

R.  R.  Head 

2    to  5 

4    to  10 

Each  Head 

Three  Heads 

Drawing 

4    to  8 

64    to  216 

Speeder 

5    to  8 

(C  it 

Fine  Ditto 

6    to  8 

1    to  2 

Mule  Filling 

8    to  ]1 

<(  U 

Frame  Warp 

7    to  9 

Ct  4( 

The  column  in  the  following  table  marked  Revolutions," 
shows  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  froRt  roller  per  minute, 
the  column  marked  Hours,"  shows  that  the  frame  is  cal- 
culated to  run  12  hours  without  stopping,  the  column  mark, 
ed  "  Skeins,"  shows  the  number  of  skeins  which  the  frame 
will  turn  off. 


Mo.  24. 


Revolus. 

Skeins. 

Hours. 

Revolus. 

Skeins. 

Hours. 

50 

3.5 

12 

90 

63 

12 

55 

3.8 

12 

95 

66 

12 

60 

42 

12 

100 

7.0 

12 

65 

4.5 

12 

105 

7.3 

12 

70 

4.9 

12 

110 

7..7 

12 

75 

5.2 

12 

115 

8.0 

12 

80 

5.6 

12 

120 

8.4 

12 

85 

5.9 

12 

125 

8.7 

12 

92 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPI^. 


Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  skeins  that  a  frame  will  turn  off 
in  12  hours,  the  front  roller  making  80  turns  per  minute — 
find  80  in  the  column  marked  "  Revolutions,"  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Skeins,"  will  be  found 
5.6  skeins. — Answer. 

The  following  table  shows  the  twist  required  per  inch  for 
different  numbers  of  yarn — the  column  marked  No. 
Yarn,"  shows  the  number  of  the  yarn,  the  column  marked 
^'  Filling,"  shows  the  twist  required  per  inch  for  filling,  the 
column  marked  "  Warp,"  shows  the  twist  per  inch  required 
for  warp. 

Example. 

Required,  the  twist  per  inch  for  No.  20  filling — find  20 
in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  num- 
ber in  the  column  marked  "Filling,"  will  be  found  16  turns 
per  inch,  the  twist  required. — Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  twist  per  inch  for  No.  20  warp — find  20 
in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  num- 
ber in  the  column  marked  "  Warp,"  will  be  found  19  turns 
per  inch,  the  twist  required. — Ansiver, 


IVo.  25. 


No.  Yrn. 

Filling. 

Warp. 

No.  Yrn. 

Filling. 

IWarp, 

5 

8 

9.5 

25 

18 

21 

8 

10 

12 

28 

20 

23 

10 

11 

14 

30 

21 

25 

14 

13 

16 

33 

23 

26 

16 

14 

17 

36 

24 

28 

18 

15 

18 

38 

25 

29 

20 

16 

19 

40 

27 

30 

22 

17 

20 

COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


93 


The  following  table  shows  the  twist  required  for  different 
numbers  of  roving. 

Example. 

Required,  the  twist  per  inch  for  No.  4  roving — find  4  in 
the  column  marked  "  No.  Roving,"  opposite  to  this  number 
in  the  column  marked  "  Twist,"  will  be  found  2  turns  per 
inch. — Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  twist  per  inch  for  No.  2^  roving — find  2.5 
in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Roving,"  opposite  to  this  num- 
ber in  the  column  marked  Twist,"  will  be  found  1.6  twist 
per  inch. — Answer, 

The  twist  required  for  different  No.  of  yarn  and  roving 
represented  in  these  tables,  has  been  collected  from  some  of  the 
best  operating  factories  in  the  country. 


Mo.  26. 


No.  Rvg 

Twist. 

No.  Rvg 

Twist. 

0.1 

1.0 

4.0 

2.0 

1.5 

1.2 

4.5 

2.1  * 

2.0 

1.4 

5.0 

2.2 

2.5 

1.6 

6.0 

2.5 

3.0 

1.7 

7.0 

2.7 

3.5 

1.9 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  yards  a  loom 
would  turn  off  per  day  (in  12  hours)  if  the  loom  did  not  stop 
during  the  12  hours  or  day.  The  column  marked  "  Picks," 
shows  the  number  of  picks  the  loom  runs  per  minute,  the 
column  marked  Thread,"  shows  the  number  of  thread  or 
picks  of  filling  per  inch,  the  column  marked  "  Yards,"  shows 
the  number  of  yards  the  loom  would  turn  off  in  12  hours. 


94 


MECHANICAL  TRINCIPIA. 


Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  yards  turned  off  per  day,  the 
number  of  picks  per  inch  in  the  filling  being  72 — find  72  in 
the  column  marked  Threads,"  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  column  marked  "Yards,"  will  be  found  31  yards. — 
Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  yards  turned  off  per  day,  the 
number  of  picks  per  inch  in  the  filling  being  64 — find  64  in 
the  column  marked  Threads,"  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  column  marked  "Yards,"  will  be  found  35  yards. — 
Answer. 


No.  27. 


Picks. 

Threads. 

Yards. 

Hours. 

112 

30 

74 

12 

(( 

38 

59 

12 

tc 

40 

56 

12 

« 

44 

50 

12 

50 

45 

12 

(( 

56 

40 

12 

60 

37 

12 

(( 

64 

34 

12 

68 

32 

12 

i< 

72 

30 

12 

it 

76 

29 

12 

(( 

80 

28 

12 

Several  lots  of  difierent  qualities  of  cotton  were  run 
through  the  pickers  and  cards  and  the  per  cent  waste  noted. 
From  these  experiments,  together  with  the  information  ob- 
tained from  the  factories  working  the  different  qualities  of 
cotton,  the  following  table  is  predicated.  The  column  mark- 
ed "  Price,"  shows  the  price  of  the  cotton,  that  is,  when 
the  best  quality  of  short  staple  cotton  is  worth  10  cents  per 
pound,  the  poorest  quality  will  be  worth  7^  oents  per  pound. 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


95 


Example. 

Required,  the  per  cent  loss  of  the  poorest  quality  of  short 
staple  cotton  when  spun  into  yarn — find  7-J-  in  the  column 
marked  "  Price,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  Per  Cent,"  will  be  found  15  per  cent  loss. — 
Answer. 

Example. 

When  the  best  quality  of  short  staple  cotton  is  worth  10 
cents  per  pound,  what  per  cent  loss  will  there  be  in  a  qual- 
ity which  is  worth  8^  cents — find  8^  in  the  column  marked 
"  Price,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
"  Per  Cent,"  will  be  found  12^  per  cent  waste. — Answer. 


No.  2§. 


Per  Cent 

Price. 

10 

10 

104 

94 

Hi 

9 

m 

84 

13i 

8 

15 

74 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  gallons  of  oil 
required  for  difierent  number  of  spindles  per  day,  (for  ma- 
chinery only,) — the  column  marked  ^'  Gallons,"  shows  the 
number  of  gallons  required  per  day,  the  column  marked 
Spindles,"  shows  the  number  of  spindles. 

Example. 

A  factory  contains  6000  spindles  with  looms ;  required, 
the  number  of  gallons  of  oil  to  supply  the  factory  per  day — 
find  6000  in  the  column  marked  Spindles,"  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Gallons,"  will  be  found 
4  gallons. — Answer. 


96 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  gallons  of  oil  to  supply  a  factory 
of  2000  spindles  with  looms  for  100  days— find  2000  in  the 
column  marked  "  Spindles,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  "  Gallons,"  will  be  found  If  gallons,  which 
multiplied  by  100  gives  125  gallons. — Answer. 


No.  29. 


Spindles 

Gallons. 

1000 

i 

2000 

3000 

2 

4000 

24 

5000 

34 

6000 

4 

7000 

4i 

8000 

5i 

9000 

51 

10000 

64 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  revolutions  per 
minute  of  the  front  roller  on  different  kinds  of  roving  frames 
— the  column  marked  No.  Roving,"  shows  the  number  of 
roving. 

Example. 

'  Required,  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute  of  the 
front  roller  on  the  non-twisting  or  condensing  speeder  making 
No.  2  roving — find  2  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Roving," 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Non-twist- 
ing Speeder,"  will  be  found  450  revolutions  per  minute. — 
Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  front  roller 
per  minute  on  the  twisting  speeder  on  No.  4  roving — find  4 
in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Roving,"  opposite  to  this  num- 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


97 


ber  in  the  column  marked  "  Twisting  Speeders,"  will  be 
found  165  revolutions. — Ansioer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  front  roller 
per  minute  on  the  fly  frame  on  No.  4  roving — fmd  4  in  the 
column  marked  "  No.  Roving,"  opposile  to  this  number 
in  the  column  marked  Fly  Frame,"  will  be  found  118 
revolutions. — Ansiver, 


Mo.  30. 


No. 

Roving. 

Non-tvvistg 
Speeders. 

Twistng 
Speeders 

Fly 
Frame. 

i| 

450 

200 

140 

190 

135 

2 

185 

130 

2i 

180 

128 

3 

175 

125 

34 

170 

120 

4 

165 

118 

44 

160 

116 

The  following  tables  show  the  usual  amount  of  yarn 
turned  off  per  day  by  the  different  kinds  of  spinning. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  No.  8  yarn  that  2000 
dead  spindles  will  turn  off  per  day — find  8  in  the  column 
marked  No.  Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
and  under  2000  in  the  column  marked  No.  Spindles," 
will  be  found  1236  pounds,  the  amount  turned  off  per  day. — 
Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  No.  86  yarn  that  3000 
mule  spindles  will  turn  off  per  day — find  36  in  the  column 
marked  ^^No.  Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 


98 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPlA. 


and  under  3000  in  the  column  marked  No.  Spindles," 
will  be  found  270  pounds. — Answer, 


No.  31. 

No.  Spindles.    Live  Spindle  Frames. 


i>  o. 
Yarn. 

500 

1000 

1500 

2000 

2500 

3000 

3500'4000 
 1  

5 

450 

900 

1350 

1800 

2250 

2700 

31503600 

8 

278 

556 

834 

1112 

1390 

1668 

1946  2224 

10 

219 

438 

657 

876 

1095 

1314 

1533  1752 

12 

178 

356 

534 

712 

890 

1068 

1246  1424 

14 

151 

302 

453 

604 

755 

906 

10571208 

16 

129 

258 

387 

516 

645 

774 

903 

1032 

18 

113 

226 

339 

452 

565 

678 

791 

904 

20 

101 

202 

303 

404 

505 

606 

707 

808 

22 

90 

180 

270 

360 

450 

540 

630 

720 

25 

79 

158 

237 

316 

395 

474 

553 

632 

28 

69 

138 

207 

276 

345 

414 

483 

552 

30 

63 

126 

189 

252 

315 

378 

441 

504 

33 

56 

112 

168 

224 

280 

336 

392 

448 

36 

51 

102 

153 

204 

255 

306 

357 

408 

40 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

315 

360 

No.  32. 

No.  Spindles.  Mules. 


No  , 
Yarn. 

500 

1000 

1500 

2000 

2500 

30003500 

4000 

5 

400 

800 

1200 

1600 

2000 

2400  2800 

3200 

247 

494 

741 

988 

1235 

14821729 

1976 

10  1 

195 

390 

585 

780 

975 

1170 

1365 

1560 

12 

158 

316 

474 

632 

790 

948 

1106 

1264 

14 

134 

268 

402 

536 

670 

804 

938 

1072 

16 

115 

230 

345 

460 

575 

690 

805 

920 

18 

101 

202 

303 

404 

505 

606 

707 

808 

20 

90 

180 

270 

360 

450 

540 

630 

720 

22 

80 

160 

240 

320 

400 

480 

560 

640 

25 

70 

140 

210 

280 

350 

420 

490 

560 

28 

61 

122 

183 

244 

305 

366 

427 

488 

30 

56 

112 

168 

224!  280 

336 

392 

448 

33 

50 

100 

150 

200 

250 

300 

350 

400 

36 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

315 

360 

40 

40 

80 

120 

160 

200 

240 

280 

320 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  No.  16  yarn  that 
2000  cap  spindles  will  turn  off  per  day — find  16  in  the  col- 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


99 


umn  marked  No.  Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  2000  in  the  column  marked  No.  Spin- 
dles," will  be  found  848  pounds. — Answer, 


IVo.  33. 

No.  Spindles.    Cap,  or  Danforth's  Frame- 


No. 

Yarn. 

500 

1000 

'l500 

'2000[2500 

3000 

3500 

4000 

14 

250 

500 

750 

1000 

1250 

1500 

1750 

2000 

16 

212 

424 

636 

848 

1060 

1272 

1484 

1696 

18 

183 

366 

549 

732 

915 

1098 

1281 

1464 

20 

160 

320 

480 

640 

800 

960 

1120 

1280 

22 

141 

282 

423 

564 

705 

846 

987 

1128 

25 

120 

240 

360 

480 

600 

720 

840 

960 

28 

103 

206 

309 

412 

515 

618 

721 

824 

30 

.93 

186 

279 

372 

465 

558 

651 

744 

No.  34. 

No.  Spindles.    Dead  Spindle  Frame. 


No. 

Yarn. 

500 

1000 

1500 

20002500 

3000 

3500 

4000 

5 

500 

1000 

1500 

2000  2500 

3000 

3500 

4000 

8 

309 

618 

927 

1236 

1545 

1854 

2163 

2472 

10 

244 

488 

732 

976 

1220 

1464 

1708 

1952 

12 

197 

394 

591 

788 

985 

1182 

1379 

1576 

14 

167 

334 

501 

668 

835 

1002 

1169 

1336 

16 

144 

288 

432 

576 

720 

864 

1008 

1152 

18 

126 

252 

378 

504 

630 

756 

882 

1008 

20 

112 

224 

336 

448 

560 

672 

784 

896 

22 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

700 

800 

25 

88 

176 

264 

352 

440 

528 

616 

704 

28 

76 

152 

228 

304 

380 

456 

532 

608 

30 

70 

140 

210 

280 

350 

420 

490 

560 

33 

62 

124 

186 

248 

310 

372 

434 

496 

36 

56 

112 

168 

224 

280 

336 

392 

448 

40 

50 

100 

150 

200 

250i  300 

350 

400 

Example. 

Required,  the  amount  of  No.  25  yarn  that  4000  ring 
spindles  will  turn  off  per  day — find  25  in  the  column  marked 
"  No.  Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  4000  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Spindles,"  will 
be  found  704  pounds. — Answer, 


MEOflANlCAL  rRlNCIPlA. 


No.  35. 

No.  Spindles.    Ring  Spindle  Frames. 


No. 
Yarn. 

500 

1000 

1500 

20002500 

i 

3000 

3500 

4000 

1  fl7 
1  u  < 

004: 

501 

668. 

835 

1  009 

1  1 

loo  yj 

16 

144 

288 

432 

576 

720 

864 

1008 

1152 

18 

126 

252 

378 

504 

630 

756 

882 

1008 

20 

112 

224 

336 

448 

560 

672 

784 

896 

22 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

700 

800 

25 

88 

176 

264 

352 

440 

528 

616 

704 

28 

76 

152 

228 

304 

380 

456 

532 

608 

33 

70 

140 

210 

280 

350 

420 

490 

560 

30 

62 

124 

186 

248 

310 

372 

434 

496 

36 

56 

112 

168 

224 

280 

336 

3:)2 

448 

Example. 

Required,  the  amount  of  No.  30  yarn  that  2000  live 
spindles  will  turn  off  per  day — find  30  in  the  column  mark- 
ed "  No.  Yarn,''  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  2000  in  the  column  marked  No.  Spindles,"  will 
be  found  252  pounds. — Answer, 

The  following  table  shows  the  usual  number  of  pounds 
that  f  yard  wide  looms  will  weave  per  day  on  different  num- 
bers of  yarn.  A  ^  loom  will  turn  off  iV?  and  a  ^  loom 
more  than  a  -f-  loom  per  day:  the  column  marked  Threads," 
shows  the  number  of  threads  or  "  Picks  "  in  the  filling  per 
inch,  the  column  marked  "  No.  of  Looms,"  shows  the  num- 
ber of  looms  required  to  produce  the  amount  in  the  table. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  goods  that  50  looms 
will  weave  per  day,  the  number  of  picks  in  the  filling  per 
inch  being  64 — find  64  in  the  column  marked  Threads," 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  50  in  the 
column  marked  "  Looms,"  will  be  found  250  pounds. — 
Answer, 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


101 


If  they  were  f  looms  the  production  would  be  which 
gives  16  pounds  nearly,  which  added  to  250  gives  266 
pounds.  If  they  were  looms  the  production  would  be  -^i^/-, 
which  gives  21  pounds  nearly,  which  added  to  250  gives  271 
pounds. 

EXABIPLE. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  goods  that  30  looms 
will  weave  per  day,  the  number  of  picks  in  the  filling  per 
inch  being  30 — find  30  in  the  column  marked  "  Threads," 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  30  in  the 
column  marked  "  Looms,"  will  be  found  750  pounds. — 
Answer, 


Mo.  36. 

No.  OF  Looms  on  |  Goods. 


Thrds 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

30 

500 

750 

1000 

1250 

1500 

1750 

2000 

2250 

2500 

38 

280 

420 

560 

700 

840 

980 

1120 

1260 

1400 

40 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

700 

800 

900 

100 

44 

180 

270 

360 

450 

540 

630 

720 

810 

900 

50 

140 

210 

280 

350 

420 

490 

560 

630 

700 

58 

120 

180 

240 

300 

360 

420 

480 

540 

600 

.50 

112 

168 

224 

280 

336 

392 

448 

504 

560 

64 

100 

150 

200 

250 

300 

350 

400 

450 

500 

68 

94 

141 

188 

235 

282 

329 

376 

423 

470 

72 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

315 

360 

405 

450 

76 

80 

120 

160 

200 

240 

280 

320 

360 

400 

80 

70 

105 

140 

175 

210 

245 

280 

3!5 

350 

The  following  table  shows  the  usual  number  of  picks  per 
minute  of  looms  weaving  different  width  of  goods  and  differ- 
ent numbers  of  yarn;  the  column  marked  No.  Yarn," 
shows  the  number  of  the  yarn^  the  column  marked  "  Width," 
shows  the  width  of  the  goods. 

~  Example. 

Required  the  number  of  picks  per  minute  of  a  loom, 
weaving  No.  25  yarn — find  25  in  the  column  marked  *^No. 


102 


MECHANICAL  PKINCIPIA. 


Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  J 
in  the  column  marked  ^' Width,"  will  be  found  112  picks 
per  minute. — Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  picks  per  minute  of  a  f  loom, 
weaving  No.  10  yarn — find  10  in  the  column  marked  "No. 
Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  | 
in  the  colum'n  marked  "Width,"  will  be  found  112  picks 
per  minute. — Answer. 

No.  8T. 


WIDTH. 


No. 
Yarn. 

3-4 

7-8 

4-4 

5 

110 

98 

96 

10 

108 

106 

104 

15 

118 

116 

114 

20 

114 

112 

110 

25 

112 

110 

108 

30 

112 

110 

108 

36 

110 

108 

106 

Note  H. 

The  tables  showing  the  cost  per  pound  for  manufacturing 
different  No.  of  yarn  from  different  prices  of  cotton,  was  pre- 
dicated from  the  following  estimates.  An  estimate  showing 
the  cost  per  pound  for  manufacturing  No.  12  twist  or  warp 
yarn,  the  price  of  the  cotton  being  6  cents  per  pound.  The 
factory  is  supposed  to  contain  2000  framo  spindles ;  the  cap 
or  Danforth  frame,  or  the  dead  spindle  frame,  or  the  ring 
and  traveler  frame ;  as  it  is  found  by  a  very  accurate  cal- 
culation, that  the  cost  per  pound  for  manufacturing  on  these 
frames  does  not  differ  materially.  The  cost  of  manufactur- 
ing on  the  live  spindle  frame  is  found  by  a  calculation  predi- 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


103 


cated  upoil  actual  results,  to  exceed  the  cost  of  manufacturing 
on  the  foregoing  frames  about  7  per  cent  per  pound. 


2  Card  Strippers 

2.50 

5.00 

6  Drawing  Tenders 

2.50 

(C 

15.00 

1  Speeder  Tender 

3.00 

6( 

3.00 

2  Fine  do.  Tenders 

3.00 

C6 

6.00 

1  Sweeper 

2.00 

iC 

2.00 

1  Card  Grinder 

5.00 

(C 

5.00 

1  Overseer 

8.00 

a 

8.00 

12  Frame  Piecers 

2.50 

a 

30.00 

4  Ditto  Doffers 

2.50 

cc 

10.00 

6  Reel  Tenders 

2.50 

ii 

15.00 

1  Second  Overseer 

3.00 

cc 

3.00 

1  Overseer 

8.00 

cc 

8.00 

1  Yarn  Bundler 

3.00 

cc 

3.00 

1  Ditto  Baler 

4.00 

cc 

4.00 

1  Ditto  Repairer 

6.00 

cc 

6.00 

1  Watchman 

7.00 

cc 

7.00 

1  Clerk 

8.00 

cc 

8.00 

1  Manager 

15.00 

15.00 

Insurance 

say 

10.00 

Fires 

cc 

4.00 

Oil 

cc 

12.00 

Freight  and  Cartage 

cc 

15.00 

Ordinary  Repairs 

cc 

10.00 

50.00 


66.00 


43.00 


7058  Pounds  of  Cotton,  (15  per  cent  waste 
gives  6000  Pounds  of  Yarn  the  produc- 
tion per  week)  at  6  cents  per  pound  gives  423.00 

  474.00 

6000)633.00  $633.00 


10.55  cents  the  cost  per  pound. 


104 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


It  will  be  observed  that  all  ordinary  expenses  are  inclu- 
ded in  this  estimate  except  commission  and  cost  of  power. 
The  value  of  the  waste,  which  amounts  to  about  20  dollars 
per  week,  will  probably  fully  cancel  those  small  incidental 
expenses  which  have  not  appeared  in  detail  in  the  estimate. 

An  estimate  showing  the  cost  per  pound  for  manufactur- 
ing No.  40  twist  or  warp  yarn,  the  price  of  the  cotton  being 
6  cents  per  pound. 


1  Picker  Tender  i 

^3.00 

per  week  each 

$3.00 

1  Card  Stripper 

4.00 

u 

4.00 

1  Lap  double  Tender 

2.00 

6( 

2.00 

2  Drawing  Tenders 

2.50 

6i 

5.00 

1  Speeder  Tender 

2.00 

C( 

2.00 

1  Fine  do.  Tender 

3.00 

i( 

3.00 

1  Sweeper 

2.00 

2.00 

1  Second  Overseer 

5.00 

(i 

5.00 

1  Overseer 

8.00 

a 

8.00 

9  Frame  Piecers 

2.50 

a 

22.50 

2  Ditto  Doffers 

2.50 

u 

5.00 

4  Reel  Tenders 

2.50 

cc 

10.00 

1  Second  Overseer 

3.00 

a 

3.00 

1  Overseer 

8.00 

u 

8.00 

1  Yarn  Baler 

4.00 

a 

4.00 

1  Repairer 

6.00 

(C 

6.00 

1  Watchman 

7.00 

7.00 

1  Clerk 

6.00 

a 

6.00 

1  Manager 

15.00 

(C 

15.00 

Insurance 

say 

6.00 

Fires 

3.00 

Oil 

6.75 

Freight  and  Cartage 

U 

5.00 

Ordinary  Repairs 

U 

8.00 

34.00 


48.50 


38.00 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING, 


105 


1230  Pounds  of  Cotton  (12  per  cent  waste 
gives  1063  pounds  of  yarn  the  produc- 
tion per  week,)  at  6  cents  per  pound  gives  63.78 

  92.53 

$  213.03 

1062)213.03 

20.04  cents  cost  per  pound. 

Note  L 

An  estimate  showing  the  cost  per  yard  for  manufacturing 
yard- wide  goods,  the  yarn  being  No.  14 ;  the  number  of 
threads  per  inch  in  the  warp  being  42  ;  the  number  of  threads 
per  inch  in  the  filling  being  40  ;  the  weight  of  the  goods  being 
three  yards  per  pound ;  and  the  price  of  the  cotton  being  6  cents 
per  pound.  The  factory  is  supposed  to  contain  2000  spindles, 
1111  mule  spindles,  producing  4  hanks  per  spindle  per  day, 
and  889  frame  spindles,  producing  5  hanks  per  spindle  per 
day,  and  56  yard-wide  looms. 


2  Picker  Tenders 

$2.50 

per  week  each 

$5.00 

2  Card  Strippers 

2.50 

5.00 

6  Drawing  Tenders 

2.00 

cc 

12.00 

1  Speeder  Tender 

2.50 

u 

2.50 

2  Fine  do.  Tenders 

2.50 

6i 

5.00 

1  Sweeper 

2.00 

iC 

2.00 

1  Card  Grinder 

4.00 

CC 

4.00 

1  Overseer 

8.00 

« 

8.00 

5  Frame  Piecers 

2.50 

cc 

12.50 

2  Frame  Doffers 

2.00 

cc 

4.00 

2  Mule  Piecers 

2.50 

cc 

5.00 

2  Ditto 

2.00 

cc 

4.00 

2  Ditto 

1.50 

cc 

3.00 

1  Mule  Doffer 

2.50 

a 

2.50 

43.50 


6 


106  MECHANICAL  rRINCiriA. 

5.00 
3.00 
14.00 
8.00 

  61.00 


370  Cuts  at  18  cts.  (one  extra  Weaver  at  3.40)  70.00 

2  Reeders 

2.50 

cc 

5.00 

2  Cloth  Trimmers 

2.50 

16 

5.00 

1  Cloth  Baler 

3.00 

6i 

3.00 

1  Overseer 

8.00 

C( 

8.00 

1  Repairer 

8.00 

i( 

8.00 

1  Watchman 

7.00 

66 

7.00 

1  Clerk 

8.00 

66 

8.00 

1  Manager 

20.00 

66 

20.00 

Insurance 

say 

15.00 

Fires 

66 

5.00 

Oil 

66 

15.00 

Freight  and  Cartage 

66 

12.00 

Ordinary  Repairs 

66 

16.00 

Shuttles,  Harnesses,  Reeds,  Starch,  &c.  " 

19.00 

4608  Pounds  of  Cotton  (18  per  cent  waste 

91.00 


43.00 


gives  3779  pounds  of  yarn,  or  11337 
yards  of  goods  per  week ;  the  produc- 
tion of  2000  spindles,  and  56  looms  per 
week,)  at  6  cents  per  pound  gives  276.48 

  358.48 

$  596.98 

11337)596.98 

5.26  cents  per  yard. 

An  estimate  showing  the  cost  per  yard  to  manufacture 
yard- wide  goods  the  number  of  the  yarn  being  40 ;  the  num- 
ber of  thread  per  inch  in  the  filling  being  80 ;  the  number  of 


2  Spooler  Tenders  2.50 

1  Warper  Tender  3.00 

2  Dresser  Tenders  7.00 
1  Overseer  8.00 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


107 


threads  in  the  warp  being  76  per  inch ;  and  the  weight  of 
the  goods  being  4.25  yards  per  pound.  The  factory  is  sup- 
posed to  contain  2000  spindles,  1037  mule  spindles  producing 
3-J-  hanks  per  spindle,  per  day ;  and  963  frame  spindles  pro- 
ducing 3^  hanks  per  spindle,  per  day  ;  50  yard-wide  looms ; 
the  price  of  the  cotton  being  6  cents  per  pound. 


1  Picker  Tender 

$3.00 

pel  weeK  eacn 

1  Card  Stripper 

3.00 

a 

1  Lap  doubler  Tender  2.00 

a 

9  on 

2  Drawing  Tenders 

2.00 

u 

d  on 

1  Speeder  Tender 

2.00 

a 

1  Fine  do.  Tender 

2.50 

(6 

2.50 

1  Overseer 

8.00 

6( 

8.00 

2  Mule  Piecers 

2.50 

cc 

^  nn 

2  Ditto 

2.00 

a 

A  nn 

2  Ditto 

1.50 

n 

O  A  A 
O.UU 

4  Frame  Piecers 

2.50 

6C 

10.00 

2  Frame  DofFers 

2.00 

(C 

4.00 

2  Spooler  Tenders 

2.50 

i( 

5.00 

1  Warper  Tender 

2.50 

6i 

2.50 

2  Dresser  Tenders 

7.00 

&  3.00  " 

10.00 

1  Overseer 

8.00 

Ci 

8.00 

17  Weavers 

3.50 

(C 

59.50 

2  Reeders 

2.00 

ic 

4.00 

1  Cloth  Trimmer 

2.50 

(C 

2.50 

1  Cloth  Baler 

3.00 

cc 

3.00 

1  Overseer 

8.00 

cc 

8.00 

1  Repairer 

6.00 

cc 

6.00 

1  Watchman 

7.00 

cc 

7.00 

1  Clerk 

6.00 

cc 

6.00 

1  Manager 

15.00 

cc 

15.90 

24.50 


51.50 


77.00 


 34.00 


108 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


Insurance  ....  say 

Fires  " 

Oil   

Freight  and  Cartage  ... 

Ordinary  Repairs  ... 

Shuttles,  Harnesses,  Reeds,  Starch,  &c. 

1188  Pounds  of  Cotton  (15  per  cent  waste 
gives  1010  pounds  of  yarn,  or  4292  yards 
the  production  per  week  of  2000  spindles) 
at  6  cents  per  pound  gives 


4292)320.28 

7.46  cents  cost  per  yard. 

On  this  style  of  goods  a  weaver  will  turn  off  nearly  as 
many  yards  per  day  on  two  looms  as  on  three,  hence  it 
would  not  required  over  40  looms  for  2000  spindles  on  this 
style  of  goods. 

Note  P. 

The  cost  of  the  factories  represented  in  the  table  which 
refers  to  this  note,  is  based  upon  the  modern  style  of 
building,  the  principal  features  of  which  are  as  follows  : 
The  thicknesses  of  the  several  brick  walls  are — the  first  story 
20  inches,  the  second  story  16  inches,  the  third  and  fourth 
stories  12  inches  :  the  heights  of  the  several  ceilings  in  the 
clear  are — the  first  story  12  feet,  the  second  story  11  feet,  the 
third  and  fourth  stories  10  feet.  The  large  girders  are 
placed  from  7  to  8  J-  feet  apart,  the  floors  are  laid  with  two 
1^  plank  and  one  3  inch  plank  ;  the  windows  are  placed 
from  7  to  S\  feet  apart  and  generally  contain  24  lights  8  by 
10  ;  fire-proof  roof,  generally  tin  ;  the  stair-case  or  entrance 


12.00 
4.00 

12.00 
8.00 

12.00 

14.00 


71.28 


133.28 


$  320.28 


COTTON  MANUFACTURING. 


109 


detached  from  the  factory,  which  is  generally  16  by  18  feet; 
brick  are  supposed  to  be  worth  4^  dollars  per  thousand  de- 
livered on  the  site  ;  the  cost  of  different  kinds  of  lumber  is 
predicated  upon  the  usual  prices  in  the  city  of  New  York ; 
the  cost  of  the  foundation  up  to  the  water  sill  is  not  included 
in  these  estimates. 


BELTING. 


BELTING. 


The  following  table  shows  the  velocity  of  belts — the 
column  marked  Revolutions  Shaft/'  shows  the  number  of 
revolutions  v/hich  the  line  or  driven  shaft  is  supposed  to 
make  per  minutej  the  column  marked  "  Diameter  Drum," 
shows  the  diameter  of  the  drum  on  the  line  or  driven  shaft. 

Example. 

The  line  shaft  is  required  to  make  120  turns  per  minute, 
and  it  is  desired  to  have  the  belt  run  1800  feet  per  minute; 
required,  the  diameter  of  the  driven  drum — find  120  in  the 
column  marked  Revolutions  Shaft,'^  opposite  to  this  num- 
ber in  the  table  find  1800,  or  the  nearest  to  it,  which  is  1884 
feet,  over  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter 
Drum,''  Vv'ill  be  found  5  feet,  the  diameter  of  the  drum. — 
Ansiver. 

Example. 

The  line  shaft  makes  100  turns  per  minute,  the  diameter 
of  the  driven  drum  is  4  feet ;  required,  the  number  of  feet  the 
belt  moves  per  minute—find  100  in  the  column  miarked 
Revolutions  Shaft,"  opposite  to  the  number  in  the  table, 
and  under  4  in  the  column  marked  Diameter  Drum,"  will 
be  found  1256  feet, — Ansiver. 

6* 


114 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


No.  1. 


Revolutions 
Shaft. 

DIAMETER  DRUM. 

2 

3 

3i 

4 

5 

6 

100 

/  OO 

1099 

1256  1413 

lo  /U 

1  /J  / 

1884 

110 

690 

863 

1036 

1208 

1381  1554 

1727 

1899 

2072 

120 

753 

942 

1130 

1318 

1507  1695 

1884 

2072 

2260 

130 

816 

1020 

1224 

1428 

1632  1836 

2041 

2245 

2449 

140 

879 

1099 

1318 

1538,1758  1978 

2198 

2417 

2637 

150 

942 

1177 

1413 

16481884  2119 

2355 

2590 

2826 

160 

1004 

1256 

1507 

1758  2009  2260 

2512 

2763 

3014 

170 

1067 

1334 

1601 

1868  2135  2402 

2669 

2935 

3202 

180 

1130 

1413 

1695 

1978  2260  2543 

2826 

3108 

3391 

190 

1193 

1491 

1789 

2088  2386  2684 

2983 

3281 

3579 

200 

1256 

1570 

1884 

2198  2512  2826 

3140 

3454 

3768 

The  following  table  shows  the  required  width  of  belts  to 
transmit  different  number  of  horse  power.  The  apparent  de- 
gree of  accuracy  in  this  table  is  not  obtained  for  any  practi- 
cal use,  but  to  show  the  theoretical  power  of  belts ;  when  the 
belts  exceed  12  inches  in  width  the  fractions  may  be  omitted. 
This  table  is  predicated  upon  the  velocity  of  the  belts  being 
from  25  to  30  feet  per  second,  which  is  the  ordinary  velocity  ; 
if  the  power  to  be  transmitted  exceeds  20  horse,  and  cir- 
cumstances will  not  allow  the  centre  of  the  drums  to  be 
over  15  feet  apart,  the  power  should  be  transmitted  by 
gearing.    (See  Note  E.) 

Example. 

Required,  the  width  of  a  belt  to  transmit  20  horse  power 
from  a  water  wheel,  the  diameter  of  the  smallest  drum  being 
6  feet — find  20  in  the  column  marked  Horse  Power,'' 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  6  in  the  col- 
umn marked  Diameter,"  will  bo  found  12  inches,  the 
width  of  the  belt-— Answer, 


BELTING. 


115 


Example, 

Required,  the  width  of  a  belt  to  transmit  100  horse  power 
from  an  engine,  the  diameter  of  the  smallest  drum  being  5 
feet — find  100  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse  Power,"  op- 
posite to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  5  in  the  column 
marked  Diameter,"  will  be  found  72  inches,  which  can 
be  divided  into  four  18  inch  belts  or  any  desired  width. — 
Answer, 


No.  2, 


DIAMETER. 

II 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1 

1.8 

1.2 

0.9 

0.72 

0.6 

0  514 

0.45 

0.4 

0.36 

2 

3.6 

2.4 

1.8 

1.44 

1.2 

1028 

0.90 

0.8 

0.72 

3 

5.4 

3.6 

2.7 

2.16 

1.8 

1-542 

1.35 

1.2 

1.08 

4 

7.2 

4.8 

3.6 

2.88 

2.4 

2056 

1.80 

1.6 

1.44 

5 

9.0 

6.0 

4.5 

3.60 

3.0 

2-570 

2.25 

2.0 

1.80 

6 

10.8 

7.2 

54 

4  32 

3.6 

3  084 

2  70 

2.4 

2.16 

7 

12.6 

8.4 

6.3 

5.04 

4.2 

3-598 

3.15 

2,8 

2.52 

8 

14.4 

96 

7.2 

5.76 

4.8 

4112 

3.60 

3.2 

2.88 

9 

16.2 

10.8 

8.1 

6.48 

5.4 

4-626 

4.05 

3.6 

3.24 

10 

18.0 

12.0 

90 

7.20 

6.0 

5-140 

4.50 

4.0 

3.60 

12 

21.6 

14.4 

10.8 

8.64 

7.2 

6168 

5.40 

4.8 

4.32 

14 

25.2 

16.8 

12.6 

10.08 

8.4 

7-196 

6.30 

5.6 

5.04 

16 

28.8 

19.2 

14.4 

11.52 

9.6 

8-224 

7.20 

6.4 

5.76 

18 

32.4 

21.6 

16.2 

12.96 

10.8 

9-252 

8.10 

7.2 

6.48 

20 

36.0 

24.0 

18.0 

14.40 

12.0 

10-280 

9.00 

8.0 

7.20 

25 

45.0 

30.0 

22.5. 

18.00 

15.0 

12-850 

11.25 

lO.O 

9.00 

30 

540 

36.0 

27.0 

21.66 

18.0 

15  420 

13  50 

12.0 

10.80 

35 

63.0 

42.0 

31.5 

25.20 

21.0 

17-990 

15  75 

14.0 

12.60 

40 

72.0 

48.0 

36.0 

28.80 

24.0 

20  560 

18.00 

16.0 

14.40 

45 

81.0 

54.0 

40.5 

32.40 

27.0 

23-130 

20.25 

18.0 

16.20 

50 

90.0 

60.0 

45.0 

36.00 

30.0 

25-700 

22.50 

20.0 

18.00 

55 

99.0 

66.0 

49.5 

39.60 

33  0 

28-270 

24.75 

22.0 

19.80 

60 

108.0 

72.0 

54.0 

43.20 

36.0 

30  840 

27.00 

24.0 

21.60 

65 

117.0 

78.0 

58.5 

46.80 

39.0 

33-410 

29.25 

26.0 

23.40 

70 

126.0 

84.0 

63.0 

50.40 

42.0 

35-980 

31.50 

28.0 

25.20 

75 

1350 

90.0 

67.5 

54.00 

45.0 

38  550 

33.75 

30.0 

27.00 

80 

144.0 

96.0 

72  0 

57.00 

48.0 

41120 

36.00 

32.0 

28.80 

85 

153.0 

102.0 

76.5 

61.20 

51.0 

43-690 

38.25 

34.0 

30.60 

90 

162.0 

108.0 

81.0 

64.80 

54.0 

46  260 

40.50 

36.0 

32.40 

95 

171.0 

114.0 

85.5 

68.40 

57.0 

48.830 

42,75 

38.0 

34.20 

100 

180.0 

1200 

90.0 

72.00 

60  0 

51.400 

45.00 

40.0 

36.00 

116 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


It  is  immaterial  whether  the  smallest  drum  is  the  driving 
or  the  driven  drum ;  if  the  diameter  of  the  smallest  drum 
remains  constant  the  width  of  the  belt  will  remain  constant, 
if  the  diameter  of  the  other  drum  should  be  increased  inde- 
finitely. 

The  following  table  shows  the  required  width  of  large 
belts  to  drive  different  number  and  kind  of  spindles  with 
looms— the  columns  marked  Mules/'  "  Mules  and  Frames," 
and  "Frames,"  show  the  number  and  kind  of  spindles  to 
be  driven,  the  column  marked  "  No.  Yarn,"  shows  the 
number  of  yarn  which  the  spindles  are  supposed  to  spin,  the 
column  marked  Diameter,"  shows  the  diameter  of  the 
smallest  drum. 


No.  3. 


Frame 

DIAMETER. 

8 

Spindles 

No.  Yarn. 

3 

4 

5 

•  6 

7 

1000 

30  to  40 

13 

10 

8 

64 

4} 

2000 

((  t( 

26 

20 

16 

13 

11 

9 

3000 

<(  i( 

39 

30 

24 

19 

16 

14 

4000 

((  (t 

52 

40 

32 

26 

22 

18 

5000 

({  (( 

65 

50 

40 

32. 

27 

23 

6000 

tC  (( 

78 

60 

48 

39 

33 

28 

Wo.  4. 

DIAMETER. 

Mule 

6 

Spindles 

No.  Yarn. 

3 

4 

5 

7 

8 

1000 

10  to  20 

13 

10 

8 

7 

6 

5 

2000 

ec  (e 

27 

20 

16 

13 

11 

10 

3000 

40 

30 

24 

20 

17 

15 

4000 

((  n 

54 

40 

32 

27 

23 

20 

5000 

67 

50 

40 

34 

28 

25 

6000 

81 

61 

49 

40 

34 

30 

BELTING.  117 


No.  5. 


! 

DIAMETER. 

Mule  ■ 
S  pilidlBs 

No.  Yarn. 

3  ! 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1000  1 

2000 

3000 

4000 

5000 

6000 

20  to  30 
<t  (( 
ft  <( 
t<  ft 

12 
25 
38 
50 
63 
76 

94 
19 
28 
38 
47 
57 

74 
15 
23 
30 
38 
45 

6 
12 
19 
25 
31 
38 

5 

10 
16 
21 
26 
32 

4i 
94 

14 

19 

23 

28 

6. 

DIAMETER. 

Mule 
Spindles 

No.  Yarn. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1000 
2000 
3000 
4000 
5000 

DUUU 

30  to  40 

a  (( 
t(  (( 
K  et 
«  (( 

114 

234 

35 

47 

58 

70 

9 
17 
26 
35 
44 
52 

7 
14 
21 
28 
35 
42 

11 
17 

23 
29 
35 

4} 
94 

14 

19 

24 

29 

44 

84 
13 
17 
21 
26 

Mo. 

Spindles 
Mule 

DIAMETER. 

and 
Frame. 

No.  Yarn. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1000 
2000 
3000 
4000 
5000 
6000 

10  to  20 

ce  t( 
((  <c 
((  it 
(t  ft 
<i  it 

15 
30 
45 
60 
75 
90 

12 
24 
36 
48 
60 
72 

11 
21 
32 
43 
54 
64 

8 
15 
23 
30 
38 
45 

64 
13 
20 
26 
33 
40 

6 

114 

17 

23 

29 

35 

Example. 

Required,  the  width  of  a  belt  to  drive  5000  frame  spin- 
dles with  looms,  the  number  of  the  yarn  being  35,  and  the 
diameter  of  the  smallest  drum  being  6  feet — find  5000  in  the 
column  marked  Frame  Spindles,"  opposite  to  this  number 
in  the  table,  and  under  6  in  the  column  marked  Diameter," 
will  be  found  32  inches,  or  two  belts  16  inches  wide.— 
Answer, 


118 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


• 

Spindles 

DIAMETER. 

Mule 

and 

I"  fame. 

No.  Yarn. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8^ 

1000 

20  to  30 

13 

10 

8 

5 

2000 

26 

20 

16 

13 

11 

10 

3000 

39 

29 

24 

20 

17 

15 

4000 

52 

39 

31 

26 

22 

20 

5000 

65 

49 

39 

33 

28 

25 

6000 

78 

58 

47 

39 

33 

30 

No.  0. 


Spindles 
Mule 

[ 

DIAMETER. 

and 

1 

No.  Yarn. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1000 

2000 
3000 
4000 
5000 
6000 

30  to  40 

iC  i( 
(C  (( 

(t  (( 
((  (( 
<(  (( 

12 
24 
36 
48 
60 
72 

9 

18 
27 
36 
45 
54 

7 
14 
21 
29  • 
36 
43 

6 
12 
18 
24 
30 
36 

5 

10 
15 
20 
25 
31 

^ 

9 
13 
18 
22 
27 

No. 

10. 

DIAMETER. 

Frame 
Spindles 

No.  Yarn. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1000 
2000 
3000 
4000 
5000 
6000 

10  to  20 

((  a 
(t  t( 
i(  f( 
i(  {< 

16 
32 
48 
65 
81 
97 

12 
24 
36 
48 
61 
73 

10 
19 
29 
39 
48 
58 

8 

16 
24 
32 
40 
49 

7 
14 
21 
27 
34 
41 

6 
12 
18 
24 
30 
36 

Example. 

Required,  the  width  of  a  belt  to  drive  2000  mule  spindles 
with  looms,  the  number  of  the  yarn  being  28,  and  the  diam- 
eter of  the  smallest  drum  being  3  feet — find  2000  in  the 
column  marked     Mule  Spindles,"  opposite  to  this  number 


BELTING. 


119 


in  the  table,  and  under  3  in  the  column  marked  Diam- 
eter," will  be  found  25  inches,  or  two  belts  12-^  inches  wide. 
— Answer, 


Wo.  !!• 


Frame 
Spindles 

No.  Yarn. 

DIAMETER. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1000 

20  to  30 

14 

11 

7 

6 

5 

2000 

29 

21 

17 

14 

12 

11 

3000 

43 

32 

26 

21 

18 

16 

4000 

57 

43 

34 

29 

24 

21 

5000 

72 

54 

43 

36 

31 

27 

6000 

86 

65 

52 

43 

37 

32 

The  following  table  shows  the  required  width  of  counter 
belts  to  drive  the  counter  shafts  which  drive  the  different 
machines  represented  in  the  following  table. 


No.  12. 

Pickers. 


6i 
13 
18 


DIAMETER. 


10     12    14     16    18    20    22    24    26     28  30 


54 
11 
16 


4i 
9 
13 


4i 
12i 


3i 

n 
11 


9i 


5i 

n 


5 

n 


Wo.  13. 

30  Inch  Cards. 


DIAMETER. 


!  10 


5i 
71 

lOi 

13 

'154 
il84 
120 

i26 


12 


4i 
64 
84 
101 
13 
15i 
174 
194 
214 


14 


3i 
54 
74 
9 
11 
12i 
144 
164 
18 


16 


H 

4i 
64 
8 

94 
IH 
124 
144 
16 


18 

20 

3 

24 

44 

4 

6 

5i 

n 

64 

81 

8 

10 

9 

114 

104 

13i 

12 

144  1 

13 

22 


34 
4i 
6 
7 

84 
94 

104 

12 


24 


34 
44 
54 
Ci 
7i 
9 

10 
11 


26 


3 

44 
54 
64 
74 
84 
9 

104 


28 


H 

4J 
54 
64 
74 
84 
94 


120 


MECHANICAL  PRINCiriA. 


No.  14. 


Drawing  Frames,  (3  Heads  Each.) 


Drawing.  | 

DIAMETER. 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

1 

4 

3i 

3 

24 

2 

8 

64 

6 

5 

44 

4 

34 

3i 

3 

3 

12 

91 

9 

74 

64 

6 

54 

4} 

44 

4i 

4 

No.  15. 

Twist  Speeders. 


DIAMETER. 

Spee 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

48 
72 
96 
120 
144 
168 
192 
216 

6i 

124 
|154 

!18} 
|2li 
24} 
129 

54 
7} 
104 
13 
154 
18i 
20} 
234 

44 

64 
8} 

m 

15i 

174 
19} 

3} 
54 
74 
94 
114 
13i 
15i 
17 

34 

5i 
6} 
84 

lOi 

12 

134 

15-1 

3 

44 
6 

74 
9 

104 

12 

134 

4i 

54 

7 

84 

9} 

Hi 

124 

4 

5i 

64 
7} 
9 

m 
11} 

34 

4} 
6 

n 

84 
94 
10} 

3i 
44 
54 

64 
7} 
8} 
10 

3 

4i 

5 

6i 

6i 

8i 

9 

No.  16. 

Mule  Spindles. 


DIAMETER. 


10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

12i 

m 

8} 

7i 

64 

6 

54 

5 

44 

4i 

4 

184 

154 

12} 

lU 

9} 

9i 

8i 

74 

6} 

6i 

6 

244 

204 

17i 

14} 

13i 

12i 

10} 

lOi 

9i 

84 

8i 

30} 

25} 

214 

184 

164 

15 

134 

124 

114 

104 

lOi 

Example. 

Required,  the  width  of  a  counter  belt  to  drive  a  picker 
with  two  beaters,  the  diameter  of  the  smallest  pulley  being 
18  inches — find  2  in  the  column  marked  "Beaters,"  oppo- 
site to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  18  in  the  column 


BELTING. 


121 


marked  "  Diameter/'  will  be  found  7  inches,  the  width  of  the 
required  belt. — Answer. 


Mo.  IT. 

Frames,  (Live  and  Dead)  Spindles. 


DIAMETER. 


100 
200 
300 
400 
500 


10    12     14    16    18    20    22    24    26    28  30 


16i 
24i 
32} 
401 


64 
13i 
19| 
264 
334 


5i 
114 
17i 

22| 

284 


5 

lOi 
154 

201 
25| 


^44 
8| 
13i 

174 

22i 


4 

8i 
121 
164 
201 


34 

n 

10} 

144 
18i 


3i|  3 
64  6i 
9}  9i 
13i  I  I2i 
164  15i 


28 

30 

54 

5i 

84 

7} 

lU 

104 

14 

m 

No.  .1§. 

Dressers,  (3  Fans  to  Each  Dresser.) 


52 
<u 

DIAMETER. 

Dress 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

1 

2 

3 

4 

n 

144 
214 
28i 

H 
114 

174 
23i 

5i 

104 
154 
20i 

4i 

84 
12} 
17i 

3} 
74 
llf 
13i 

34 

7 

104 
14i 

H 
6i 
9i 
124 

3 

5| 
8} 
114 

5i 
8i 
lOi 

5 

74 
10 

44 
6} 

94' 

No.  19. 

Looms. 


1  Looms. 

DIAMETER. 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

2 

5i 

4i 

3i 

3i 

3 

4 

lOi 

84 

7i 

64 

5} 

54 

5i 

4} 

44 

Ai 

3} 

6 

15^ 

13i 

lU 

94 

84 

7} 

n 

64 

6 

54 

5i 

8 

20} 

174 

14i 

12} 

114 

104 

94 

8} 

8i 

7i 

7 

10 

26i 

214 

17} 

16i 

14i 

13i 

111 

10} 

lOi 

9i 

8} 

12 

3U 

26i 

22i 

19i 

17i 

154 

144 

13i 

12i 

lU 

104 

Example. 

Required,  the  width  of  a  counter  belt  to  drive  6  cards, 
the  diameter  of  the  smallest  pulley  being  20  inches — find  6 


122 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


in  the  column  marked  "Cards,"  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  table,  and  under  20  in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter," 
will  be  found  8  inches. — Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  width  of  a  counter  belt  to  drive  1500  mule 
spindles,  the  diameter  of  the  smallest  pulley  being  20  inches 
— find  1500  in  the  column  marked  "  Mules,"  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  20  in  the  column  mark- 
ed "Diameter,"  will  be  found  15  inches,  the  required  width 
(or  two  belts  7  and  8  inches  wide). — Answer, 

The  following  table  shows  the  width  of  the  counter  belt 
that  drives  the  counter  shaft,  from  which  any  number  of 
large  size  board-planing  machines  from  one  to  four  may  be 
driven — the  column  marked  "  Pulleys,"  shows  the  diameter 
of  the  smallest  of  the  two  pulleys  on  which  the  counter  belt 
runs,  the  column  marked  "No.  Machines,"  shows  the  num- 
ber of  machines  to  be  driven. 

Example. 

Required,  the  width  of  a  belt  to  drive  two  board-planing 
machines,  the  diameter  of  the  smallest  pulley  being  20  inches 
— find  20  in  the  column  marked  "  Pulleys,"  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  table,  and  under  2  in  the  column  marked 
"  No.  Machines,"  will  be  found  9  inches,  the  required  width 
of  a  counter  belt  that  drives  a  counter  shaft,  which  drives 
two  large  size  board-planing  machines. — Answer, 

Example. 

Required,  the  width  of  a  counter  belt  to  drive  a  counter 
shaft,  which  is  to  drive  one  board-planing  machine,  the 
smallest  pulley  being  12  inches  in  diameter — find  12  in  the 
column  marked  "  Pulleys,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  1  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Machines," 
will  be  found  7^  inches,  the  width  of  the  belt. — Answer. 


BELTING. 


123 


No.  20. 


No.  MACHINES. 


3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

_____ 

12 

74 

15 

224 

30 

14 

64 

13 

194 

26 

16 

54 

lU 

16| 

224 

18 

5 

10 

15 

20 

20 

44 

9 

134 

18 

22 

4 

8i 

12i 

164 

24 

3} 

74 

Hi 

lOi 

15 

26 

7 

13i 

28 

(( 

64 

94 

12J 

30 

ti 

6 

9 

12 

32 

(( 

54 

84 

lU 

34 

(C 

5i 

8 

104 

36 

t( 

5 

74 

10 

Note  E. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  surplus  power  of  the 
belts  in  the  table  which  refers  to  this  note.  The  width  of 
the  belt  was  18  inches,  which  run  1500  feet  per  minute,  the 
angle  of  the  belt  was  about  45  degrees  ;  the  distance  between 
the  centres  of  the^  drums  was  25  feet ;  the  diameter  of  the 
driving  drum  was  8  feet ;  the  diameter  of  the  driven  drum 
was  4  feet ;  when  the  belt  transmitted  20  horse  power  it 
worked  quite  freely,  when  the  power  was  increased  to  25 
horse  it  was  necessary  to  make  the  belt  quite  tight,  when 
the  power  was  increased  to  28  horse  power  it  was  ne- 
cessary to  apply  a  tightening  pulley,  which  caused  the  jour- 
nals on  the  driven  shaft  to  heat :  this  statement  shows  that 
the  velocity  of  the  belts  in  the  table  which  refers  to  this  note 
must  not  be  less  than  1500  feet  per  minute.  From  a  great 
number  of  observations  it  appears  that  a  belt  will  last  longer 
when  it  does  not  run  over  2000  feet  per  minute. 


CORN  AND  FLOUE  MILLS. 


CORN  AND  FLOUR  MILLS. 


The  following  table  shows  the  required  area  of  all  the 
openings  in  the  inward  or  centre  discharging  turbine  water 
wheel  under  different  heads,  to  drive  different  number  of  4-J- 
feet  stones  grinding  corn — the  column  marked  "  Head/' 
shows  the  effective  head,  the  column  marked  "  No.  Run," 
shows  the  number  of  run  of  4-^  feet  stones. 

Example. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  an  inward  dis- 
charging turbine  wheel,  the  head  being  12  feet,  to  drive  2 
run  of  4^  feet  stones  grinding  corn — find  12  in  the  column 
marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  2  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Run,"  will  be  found 
380  inches  area. — Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  an  inward  dis- 
charging turbine  wheel,  the  head  being  20  feet,  to  drive  4 
run  of  4-J-  feet  stones  grinding  corn — find  20  in  the  column 
marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  table,  and  under 
4  in  the  column  marked  ^^No.  Run,"  will  be  found  352 
inches  area, — Answer, 


128 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


IVo.  1. 


Head 

No.  RUN  m  FEET  STONES.) 

1 

2 

3 

4 

4 

1000 

2000 

3000 

4000 

5 

714 

1428 

2142 

2856 

6 

543 

1086 

1629 

2172 

7 

431 

1293 

1724 

8 

352 

704 

1056 

1408 

9 

294 

588 

882 

1176 

10 

oU4 

756 

1008 

11 

Ol  '7 
4.L1 

434 

boi 

oby 

12 

1  on 

lyu 

ooU 

o7U 

760 

13 

169 

ooo 

507 

676 

14 

10 1 

OU«5 

bu4 

15 

loo 

544 

16 

CIA 

Odd 

oby 

17 

llo 

ooo 

ooy 

18 

1U4 

O  1  o 

41b 

19 

yo 

OQa 

oo4 

20 

88 

176 

264 

352 

21 

82 

164 

246 

328 

22 

77 

154 

231 

308 

23 

72 

144 

216 

288 

24 

67 

134 

201 

268 

25 

63 

126 

189 

252 

26 

59 

118 

177 

236 

27 

56 

112 

168 

224 

28 

53 

106 

159 

212 

29 

50 

100 

150 

200 

30 

48 

I  96 

144 

192 

The  following  table  shows  the  required  area  of  all  the 
openings  in  the  inward  or  centre  discharging  turbine  water 
wheel  under  different  heads,  to  drive  different  number  of  4-i- 
feet  stones  grinding  wheat,  with  all  the  attendant  machinery 
— the  column  marked  "  Head,"  shows^  the  effective  head, 
the  column  marked  "  No.  Run,"  shows  the  number  of  run 
of  4^  feet  stones. 

Example. 

The  fall  being  5  feet,  required,  the  area  of  all  the  open- 
ings to  drive  one  run  of  4^  feet  stones — find  5  in  the  column 


CORN  AND  FLOUR  MILLS. 


129 


marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  1  in  the  column  marked  No.  Run/'  will  be  found 
600  inches,  the  area  of  all  the  openings, — Answer. 

Example. 

The  head  being  14  feet,  required,  the  area  of  all  the 
openings  to  drive  2  run  of  4|-  feet  stones  grinding  wheat, 
with  all  the  attendant  machinery — find  14  in  the  column 
marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  2  in  the  column  marked  "No.  Run,"  will  be  found 
242  inches  area. — Answer. 


Mo.  2. 


Head 

No.  RUN  m  FEET  STONES.) 

I 

3 

4 



4 

800 

1600 

2400 

3200 

5 

600 

1200 

1800 

2400 

a 

Q 

432 

864 

1296 

1728 

7 

344 

688 

1032 

1376 

8 

281 

562 

843 

1124 

9 

235 

470 

705 

940 

10 

202 

404 

606 

808 

11 

173 

346 

519 

692 

12 

152 

304 

456 

608 

13 

135 

270 

405 

540 

14 

121 

242 

363 

484 

15 

109 

218 

327 

436 

16 

99 

198 

297 

396 

17 

90 

180 

270 

360 

18 

83 

166 

249 

332 

19 

77 

154 

231 

308 

20 

71 

142 

213 

284 

21 

66 

132 

198 

264 

22 

61 

122 

183 

244 

23 

57 

114 

171 

228 

24 

54 

108 

162 

216 

25 

50 

100 

150 

200 

26 

47 

94 

141 

188 

27 

45 

90 

135 

180 

28 

43 

86 

129 

172 

29 

40 

80 

120 

160 

30 

38 

76 

114 

1  152 

7 


130 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


The  following  table  shows  the  required  area  of  all  the 
openings  in  the  outward  discharging  turbine  w^ater  wheel 
under  different  heads,  to  drive  different  nunaber  of  4^  feet 
stones  grinding  corn.  This  table  is  predicated  from  several 
wheels,  which  are  driving  different  nunaber  of  4-^  feet  stones, 
the  surplus  power  in  the  several  cases  noted.  The  column 
marked  "  Head,"  shows  the  effective  head  when  the  wheel 
is  in  operation,  the  column  marked  "  No.  Run,"  shows  the 
number  of  4-^  feet  stones.    (See  Note  B.) 


No.  3. 


Head 

No.  RUN  (4i  FEET  STONES.) 

1 

2 

3 

4 

4 

558 

1116 

1674 

2232 

5 

363 

726 

1089 

1452 

311 

622 

933 

1244 

7 

245 

490 

735 

980 

8 

190 

380 

570 

760 

9 

i  163 

326 

489 

652 

10 

137 

274 

411 

548 

11 

122 

244 

366 

488 

12 

107 

214 

321 

428 

13 

95 

190 

285 

380 

14 

83 

166 

249 

332 

15 

75 

150 

225 

300 

16 

68 

136 

204 

272 

17 

62 

124 

186 

248 

18 

57 

114 

171 

228 

19 

52 

104 

156 

208 

20 

48 

96 

144 

192 

21 

45 

90 

135 

180 

22 

43 

86 

129 

172 

23 

39 

78 

117 

156 

24 

37 

74 

111 

148 

25 

35 

70 

105 

140 

26 

32 

64 

96 

128 

27 

31 

62 

93 

124 

28 

29 

58 

87 

116 

29 

28 

56 

84 

112 

30 

26  1 

52 

78 

104 

CORN  AND  FLOUR  MILLS. 


131 


Example. 

The  effective  head  being  16  feet,  required,  the  area  of 
all  the  openings  in  an  outward  discharging  turbine  wheel,  to 
drive  2  run  of  4^  feet  stones  grinding  corn — find  16  in  the 
column  marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  2  in  the  column  marked  No.  Run,"  will 
be  found  136  inches  area. — Answer, 

Example. 

The  effective  head  being  5  feet,  required,  the  area  of  all 
the  openings  to  drive  2  run  of  4^  feet  stones  grinding  corn — 
find  5  in  the  column  marked  Head,"  opposite  to  this  num- 
ber in  the  table,  and  under  2  in  the  column  marked  "  No. 
Run,"  will  be  found  726  inches  area. — Answer. 

The  following  table  shows  the  required  area  of  all  the 
openings  in  the  outward  discharging  turbine  water  wheel, 
under  different  heads,  to  drive  different  number  of  4-|-  feet 
stones  grinding  wheat,  with  all  the  attendant  machinery. 
This  table  is  predicated  upon  the  actual  results  of  several 
wheels,  which  are  driving  different  number  of  4^  feet  stones 
grinding  wheat,  with  all  the  attendant  machinery,  the  surplus 
power  in  the  several  cases  noted.  The  column  marked 
"  Head,"  shows  the  effective  head,  the  column  marked  "  No. 
Run,"  shows  the  number  of  4-J-  feet  stones. 

Example. 

The  effective  head  being  12  feet,  required,  the  area  of 
all  the  openings  in  the  outward  discharging  turbine  water 
wheel,  to  drive  3  run  of  4^  feet  stones  grinding  wheat,  with 
all  the  attendant  machinery — find  12  in  the  column  marked 
"  Head,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  3 
in  the  column  marked  No.  Run,"  will  be  found  267 
inches  area. — Ansiver, 


182 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


Example. 

The  effective  fall  being  20  feet,  required,  the  area  of  all 
the  openings  to  drive  2  run  of  4-J  feet  stones  grinding  wheat, 
with  all  the  attendant  machinery — find  20  in  the  column 
marked  ^^Fall,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  2  in  the  column  marked  No.  Run,"  will  be  found 
82  inches,  area  of  all  the  openings. — Answer, 


No.  4. 


Head 


No.  RUN  (4i  FEET  STONES.) 

1 

3 

4 

4 

465 

930 

1395 

1860 

5 

306 

612 

918 

1224 

6 

259 

518 

777 

1036 

7 

204 

408 

612 

816 

8 

160 

340 

480 

640 

9 

136 

272 

408 

544 

10 

114 

228 

342 

456 

li 

102 

204 

306 

408 

12 

89 

178 

267 

356 

13 

80 

100 

240 

320 

14 

70 

140 

210 

280 

15 

62 

124 

186 

248 

16 

57 

114 

171 

228 

17 

51 

102 

153 

204 

18 

47 

94 

141 

188 

19 

44 

88 

132 

176 

20 

41 

82 

123 

164 

21 

37 

74 

111 

148 

22 

35 

70 

105 

140 

23 

32 

64 

96 

128 

24 

30 

60 

90 

120 

25 

29 

58 

87 

116 

26 

27 

54 

81 

108 

27 

26 

52 

78 

104 

28 

24 

48 

72 

96 

"^9 

23 

46 

69 

92 

30 

22 

44 

66 

88 

The  following  table  shows  the  required  length  of  over- 
shot or  breast  wheels  on  different  falls  from  10  to  30  feet,  to 
drive  different  number  of  4i  feet  stones,  (grinding  wheat,) 


CORN  AND  FLOUR  MILLS. 


133 


with  all  the  attendant  machinery.    The  column  marked 
"  Fall,"  shows  the  number  of  feet  fall  on  the  breast  wheel,  or 
the  diameter  of  the  overshot  whee^  the  column  marked 
No.  Run,"  shows  the  number  of  run  of  stones  to  be  driven. 

Example. 

The  fall  (effective)  on  a  breast  wheel  being  20  feet,  what 
must  be  the  length  of  the  wheel  to  drive  4  run  of  4^  feet 
stones — find  20  in  the  column  marked  "  Fall,"  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  4  in  the  column  marked 
"  No.  Run,"  will  be  found  14  feet,  the  length  of  the  wheel. 
— Answer. 

Example. 

An  overshot  wheel  is  15  feet  in  diameter  and  18  feet 
long,  required^  the  number  of  run  the  wheel  can  drive — find 


No.  5. 


No.  RUN. 

Fall. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

10 

7 

14 

21 

28 

11 

6i 

124 

19 

25i 

12 

5} 

114 

m 

23i 

13 

5i 

11 

164 

22 

14 

5 

10 

15 

20 

15 

4i 
4i 

9 

134 

18 

16 

84 

13 

17i 

17 

4 

8i 

12i 

164 

18 

4 

7i 
74 

Hi 

154 

19 

3i 

lU 

15 

20 

3i 

7 

104 

14 

21 

3i 

64 

10 

13i 

22 

Si 

64 

94 

12i 

23 

3 

6 

9 

12 

24 

3 

5| 

8} 

114 

25 

2} 

54 

84 

11 

26 

2| 

5i 

8i 

104 

27 

24 

5 

7i 

lOi 

28 

2i 

41 

74 

10 

29 

24 
2i 

44 

u 

9i 

30 

4i 

7 

94 

134 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


15  in  the  column  marked  "  Fall,"  opposite  to  this  number 
in  the  table  find  18,  over  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
"No.  Run,"  will  bj^found  4  run  of  4^  feet  stones. — 
Answer, 

The  following  table  shows  the  required  length  of  over- 
shot or  breast  wheel,  to  drive  different  number  of  4^  feet 
stones  grinding  corn — the  column  marked  "  Fall,"  shows 
the  fall  of  the  breast  wheel,  or  the  diameter  of  the  overshot. 

Example. 

Required,  the  length  of  an  overshot  wheel,  the  diameter 
being  16  feet,  to  drive  3  run  of  4-J-  feet  stones  grinding  corn 
— find  16  in  the  column  marked  "  Fall,"  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  table,  and  under  3  in  the  column  marked 


Wo.  6. 


No.  RUN. 

Fall. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

10 

8 

16 

24 

32 

11 

n 

144 

21| 

29 

12 

6i 

13 

191 

26 

13 

6 

12i 

18i 

244 

14 

5i 

Hi 

17i 

23 

15 

5i 

lOi 

15i 

21 

16 

5 

10 

15 

20 

17 

4} 

94 

14i 

19 

18 

4i 

9 

134 

18 

19 

4i 

84 

12i 

17 

20 

4 

8 

12 

16 

21 

3i 

74 

IH 

15 

22 

3i 

7 

104 

14 

23 

3i 

6i 

JOi 

134 

24 

3i 

64 
64 

10 

25 

H 

94 

26 

3 

6 

9i 

m 

27 

3 

6 

9 

12 

28 

2i 

H 

84 

114 

29 

54 
5i 

8i 

11 

30 

2i 

8 

104 

CORN  AND  FLOUR  MILLS. 


135 


"  No.  Run,"  will  be  found  15  feet,  the  length  of  the  wheel 
required . — Answer, 

Example. 

A  breast  wheel  is  12  feet  long,  and  the  fall  being  13  feet, 
required,  the  number  of  4^  feet  stones  grinding  corn  that 
this  wheel  is  capable  of  driving — find  13  in  the  column 
marked  Fall,''  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  find  12, 
or  the  nearest  number  to  it,  which  is  12^,  over  this  number 
in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Run,"  will  be  found  2  run. — 
Answer. 


CUT-NAIL  MACHINES. 


CUT-NAIL  MACHINES. 


The  following  table  shows  the  required  length  of  over- 
shot and  breast  wheel  on  different  falls  from  10  to  30  feet,  to 
drive  different  number  of  cut-nail  machines,  with  the  attend- 
No.  1. 


No.  MACHINES. 


1  Fall. 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

10 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

11 

34 

54 

n 

9 

lOi 

124 

144 

16i 

18 

19i 

214 

234 

12 

3i 

5 

64 

8 

9i 

lU 

13 

144 

16 

17i 

19i 

21 

13 

3 

44 

6 

n 

9i 

10| 

12i 
lU 

131- 

154 

17 

184 

20 

14! 

2} 

4i 

54 

7 

84 

9i 

124 

14 

154 

I6i 

18i 

1.5| 

4 

5i 

64 

7i 

9 

104 

Hi 

13 

14i 

154 

17 

16i 

3i 

5 

6 

7i 

84 

9i 

11 

12 

13i 

144 

15} 

171 

34 

44 

54 

61- 

7i 

9 

10 

114 

I3i 

144 

■18| 

3i 

44 

54 

64 

7i 

8i 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14i 

19 

3 

44 

5i 

6i 

7-1 

8i 

94 

104 

114 

124 

13i 

2o! 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

21| 

3i 

44 

54 

64 

74 

84 

94 

104 

lU 

124 

22 1 

3i 

4i 

5i 

51 

64 

n 

8 

9 

9i 

104 

23 1 

3i 

4 

5 

5i 

54 

64 

7 

7i 

81 

94 

lOi 

24 

3 

4 

4i 

6i 

7 

7| 

81 

94 

10 

25 

4 

44 

5i 

6 

61 

74 

84 

9 

9} 

26 

3} 

4i 

5 

5} 

6i 

7 

7| 

84 

9i 

27 

34 

4i 

5 

54 

64 

7 

7i 

8i 

9 

28 

3i 

4 

4i 

54 

6 

6i 

74 

8i 

8} 

29 

3i 

3i 

44 

5i 

51 

64 

71 

84 

30 

1  3i 

31 

44 

5i 

5} 

64 

n 

I  7i 

84 

140 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


ant  machinery — the  column  marked  Fall,'^  shows  the  fall 
of  the  breast  wheel,  or  the  diameter  of  an  overshot  wheel, 
the  column  marked  No.  Machines,"  shows  the  number  of 
machines  to  be  driven. 

Example. 

The  fall  on  a  breast  wheel  being  12  feet,  required,  the 
length  to  drive  20  cut-nail  machines — find  12  in  the  column 
marked  "  Fall,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  20  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Machines,"  will  be 
found  16  feet,  the  length  of  the  wheel. — Answer, 

Example. 

An  overshot  wheel  is  18  feet  in  diameter  and  12  feet 
long,  required,  the  number  of  cut-nail  machines  that  this 
wheel  is  capable  of  driving — find  18  in  the  column  marked 
"  Fall,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  find  12,  over 
this  number  in  the  column  marked  *^  No.  Machines,"  will 
be  found  22  machines. — Answer, 


I^UENACES. 


FURNACES. 


The  following  table  shows  the  required  length  of  over- 
shot and  breast  wheels  on  different  falls,  from  11  to  30  feet, 
to  drive  the  blast,  &;c.,  to  furnaces  which  turn  off  different 
number  of  ions  of  No.  1  Iron  per  day,  from  1  to  14  tons — 
the  column  marked  Fall,"  shows  the  number  of  feet  fall 
on  the  breast  wheel,  or  the  diameter  of  the  overshot  wheel. 

Example. 

Required,  the  length  of  an  overshot  wheel  to  turn  off  6 
tons  per  day  of  No.  1,  Iron,  the  diameter  of  the  wheel  being 
20  feet — find  20  in  the  column  marked  Fall,"  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  6  in  the  column  marked 
No.  Tons,"  will  be  found  10  feet,  the  length  of  the  wheel. 
— Answer. 

Example. 

The  fall  on  a  breast  wheel  being  12  feet,  and  the  length 
of  the  wheel  being  12  feet,  required,  the  number  of  tons  of 
No.  1  Iron  that  this  wheel  will  supply  power  for,  ma- 
king per  day — find  12  in  the  column  marked  "Fall,'' 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table  find  12,  over  this  num- 
ber in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Tons,"  will  be  found  4 
tons,  which  this  wheel  will  produce  per  day. — Answer. 


144 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


IVo.  1. 


ocr>oo-<!0^a^4^coJsi)»--ocDOO-<»a5C;ri>ji^ccioi--* 

Fall. 

1— » 

lO 

CO 

h-t  )— >  f— 1  1— • 

UiImMm'Hw      ►*'h'K:)lMioh'      ,MMkj>-.,^|Wht+-'                tJH  »Hw 

t— '1— '1— 1|— 't— '1— ii— 't— i 

o:>o:'<i'-^'^oooo<X)<io<x>oo(oioco4i^oia5ao<x> 

^lMrfi|w*.lMioH        KJh-iiMeAj  bOlh-. 

05 

oocooococococooK-^-^^^^^}i^4i^t^^c:,^JC£)^-'^^ 

•^H  MlH'           tHw  koH  >f4-'           toH      koH  lolM      K5|i-  loH 

•<l 

No. 

t^HkoH      loH      ►Ni-'      rf^w  *.|m boj-i           k^iHw           i^H  loH 

00 

TON 

CO 

o 

K5i>-.       ^rfHwt^|MjHwioH»oHb3h'boH«NwiHw      toH^H'-'kolt-'kJli-'^lw  ►Hi-' 

*Jco      bsh"      koH      rf^w                loh'ioh'      ^totoHrf^w      u/f-i  wiM 

to 

00 

(^H  •t'lw  koH  tf^-"      boH      boh-toH      M-'                UH  iHw 

MISCELLANEOUS  MACHINERY. 


MISCELLANEOUS  MACHINERY. 


The  following  tables  show  the  actual  and  calculated 
power  required  to  drive  the  different  machines  represented. 
The  column  marked  4^  Feet  Stones,  Corn,"  shows  the 
number  of  Ai  feet  stones  grinding  corn  to  be  driven,  the  col- 
umn marked  "  Actual  Power,"  shows  the  actual  power 
required,  the  column  marked  "  Calculated  Power,"  shows 
the  usual  power  of  the  engine  or  water  wheel. 


Example. 

Required,  the  calculated  power  to  drive  3  large  size  cir- 
cular saws — find  3  in  the  column  marked  Circular  Saws," 
(in  No.  1  Table,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  Calculated  Power,"  will  be  found  15  horse  power. 
— Answer, 


Example. 

Required,  the  calculated  power  to  drive  4  large  size 
board  planing  machines — find  4  in  the  column  marked 
"  Planing  Machines,"  (in  No.  3  Table,)  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  column  marked  "  Calculated  Power,"  will 
be  found  24  horse  power. — Ansioer, 


148 


MECHANICAL  TKINCIPIA. 


Wo,  1. 

Circular 

Jalclatd 

Actual 

Saws. 

Power. 

Power. 

1 

5 

4 

2 

10 

8 

3 

15 

12 

4 

20 

16 

5 

25 

20 

6 

30 

24 

No.  2. 

Upright 

Calclatd 

Actual 

Saws. 

Power. 

Power. 

1 

7 

5 

2 

14 

10 

3 

21 

15 

4 

28 

20 

5 

35 

25 

6 

42 

30 

Example. 

Required,  the  calculated  power  to  drive  3  run  of  4-^  feet 
stones  grinding  corn — find  3  in  the  column  marked  "  4-^  feet 
Stones,  Corn,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
"  Calculated  Power,"  will  be  found  48  horse  power. — 
Ansiver, 

Example. 

Required,  the  calculated  power  to  drive  2  run  of  4^  feet 
stones  grinding  wheat,  with  all  the  attendant  machinery — 
find  2  in  the  column  marked  4^  Feet  Stones,  Wheat,"  op- 
posite to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Calculated 
Power,"  will  be  found  28  horse  power. — Answer. 

EXABIPLE. 

Required,  the  calculated  power  to  drive  the  blast,  &c., 
to  a  furnace  which  makes  5  tons  of  No.  1  Iron  per  day — 


MISCELLANEOUS  BIACHINERY. 


149 


find  5  in  the  column  marked  "  Tons  of  Iron,"  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  column  marked  Calculated  Power," 
will  be  found  35  horse  power. — Answer. 

Example. 

Required,  the  calculated  power  to  drive  12  cut-nail  ma- 
chines of  different  size,  with  attendant  machinery  (grind- 
stones, plate-cutter,  blast,  &c.) — find  12  in  the  column  mark- 
ed "  Nail  Machines,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "  Calculated  Power,"  will  be  found  24  horse  power. 
— Answer, 


No.  3. 


Planing 

Calclatd 

Actual 

Machins 

Power. 

Power. 

1 

6 

5 

2 

12 

10 

3 

18 

15 

4 

24 

30 

5 

30 

25 

6 

36 

30 

No.  4. 

Stones 

4  J  feet. 

Actual 

Calclatd 

Corn, 

Power, 

Power. 

1 

14 

16 

2 

28 

32 

3 

32 

48 

4 

56 

64 

5 

70 

80 

No.  5. 

Stones 

1 

4h  feet 

Actual 

Calclatd 

Wheat, 

Power. 

I  Power. 

1 

12 

14 

2 

24 

28 

3 

36 

42 

4 

48 

56 

5 

60 

70 

150 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPJA. 


No.  6. 


No.  1 

Actual 

Calclatd 

Iron. 

Power. 

Power. 

I 

G 

7 

id 

12 

14 

3 

18 

21 

4 

24 

28 

5 

30 

35 

6 

36 

42 

7 

42 

49 

8 

48 

56 

9 

54 

63 

10 

60 

70 

]¥o.  T. 

Nail 

Actual 

Calclatd 

Machins 

Power 

Power. 

6 

9 

12 

7 

10 

14 

8 

12 

16 

9 

13 

18 

30 

15 

20 

11 

16 

22 

32 

18 

24 

13 

19 

26 

PADDLE  WHEELS. 


PADDLE  WHEELS. 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  miles  per  hour 
that  a  steamboat  moves,  when  the  diameter  of  the  wheel 
and  the  number  of  revolutions  which  it  makes  per  minute 
are  known — the  column  marked  "  Revolutions,"  shows  the 
number  of  revolutions  that  the  paddle  wheel  makes  per 
minute,  the  column  marked  "Diameter,"  shows  the  diam- 
eter of  the  paddle  wheel  in  feet. 

Example. 

Required,  the  number  of  miles  per  hour  that  a  boat  is 
moving,  the  diameter  of  the  wheels  being  30  feet,  and  the 
wheels  making  20  revolutions  per  minute — find  20  in  the 
column  marked  "  Revolutions,"  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  table,  and  under  30  in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter," 
will  be  found  21.43  miles  per  hour.  This  would  be  the  ve- 
locity of  the  boat  if  the  water  did  not  yield. — Answer. 

Example. 

The  diameter  of  the  paddle  wheel  being  26  feet,  and  the 
number  of  revolutions  per  minute  being  14,  required,  the 
number  of  miles  the  boat  is  moving  per  hour — find  14  in  the 
column  marked  "  Revolutions,"  opposite  to  this  number  m 

8 


154 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


the  table,  and  under  26  in  the  column  marked  Diameiur," 
will  be  found  12.99  miles  per  hour. — Answer, 


Wo.  1. 


DIAMETER. 


24    25  26 


11 

12 
13. 
14. 
15, 
16 
17. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22, 


.49  12.99 
.38  13.92 
28  14.85 
1715.78 
0616.71 
9617.64 
.8518.56 
.7419.49 
63  20.42 
53  21.35 
.42  22.28 
31  23.21 
.2124.13 


27 


13.49 
14.46 
15.42 
1639 
1735 
18.32 
19.28 
20.25 
21.21 
22.18 
23.14 
24.11 
25.07 


28 


29 


13.99  14 
14  99  15 
15.99  16 
16.99  17 
17.99  18 
19.00  19 
20.00  20 
21.0021 
22.00|22 
23.00  23, 
24.0024 


30 


31 


32 


33 


,7522, 
,7923 
,8224, 
86!25 
25.00:25.90,26 
26.0026.9427 


.49 


67  ] 

.85: 

03  ^ 


34 

16  99 
18.21 
19.42 
20.64 
21|21.86 
40,23.08 
58i24.29 
7625.51 
.9426.73 
1527.94 
3029.16 
4830.38 
,6631.59 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  revolutions  of 
the  paddle  wheel  due  to  the  actual  velocity  of  the  boat ;  that 
is,  the  number  of  revolutions  due  to  the  per  cent  slip  of  the 
wheel  is  deducted  from  the  whole  number  of  revolutions  of 
the  wheel  per  minute — the  column  marked  Revolutions/' 
shows  the  number  of  revolutions  which  the  paddle  wheel 
makes  per  minute,  the  column  marked  Per  Cent,"  shows 
the  per  cent  slip  of  the  paddle  wheel. 

Example. 

A  paddle  wheel  makes  20  revolutions  per  minute,  and 
the  slip  (or  the  yielding  of  the  water)  of  the  wheel  is  20 
per  cent ;  required,  the  number  of  revolutions  due  to  the  ve- 
locity of  the  boat — find  20  in  the  column  marked  "  Revolu- 
tions," below  this  number  in  the  table,  and  opposite  to  20  in 
the  column  marked  "  Per  Cent,"  will  be  found  16  revolu- 
tions ;  that  is,  if  the  water  did  not  yield,  the  wheel  would 


PADDLE  WHEELS. 


155 


not  make  but  16  revolutions  per  minute  to  impel  the  boat 
with  the  same  velocity  which  20  revolutions  per  minute 
would  when  there  is  20  per  cent  slip. — Answer. 

Example. 

A  paddle  wheel  makes  16  revolutions  per  minute,  and 
the  slip  is  16  per  cent ;  required,  the  number  of  revolutions 
due  to  the  velocity  of  the  boat — find  16  in  the  column  mark- 
ed Revolutions,"  below  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
opposite  to  16  in  the  column  marked  "  Per  Cent,"  will  be 
found  13  revolutions. — Answer, 


-So.  2. 


oooc:)^^^^ooooCT)tf^^soGoa:>^^i^^ooGoo:l^^^ 

Per 
Cent. 

OOOOCOCDCnOOOt—  1— 'I— '1— 'iOiOJOCOCOC^t^ii. 

COCOCDOOOH-'t-'  1— Js3M)COWOOtfi>4^4i^<in 

00 

OOOl— 'r-»-'iN2tOOJWW4i->^>ti>>CaCnOia5a5 

1— ' 

CD 

REVOLUTJ 

to 
o 

:oNS. 

JO 

to 
4^ 

lO 

JO 

156 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


It  would  appear  from  the  following  statement  that  there 
is  a  fixed  relation  existing  between  the  per  cent  loss  of  power 
of  the  steamboat  paddle  wheel  (due  to  the  yielding  proper- 
ties of  the  water),  and  the  relative  velocity  of  the  circumfer- 
ence of  the  wheel  and  the  velocity  of  the  boat. 

Let  there  be  a  large  gear  wheel  secured  on  each  end  of 
the  paddle  wheel  shaft,  nearly  equal  in  diameter  to  the  pad- 
dle wheel ;  let  these  gear  wheels  work  into  racks  which  rest 
on  surfaces  at  or  below  the  surface  of  the  w^ater  ;  let  the 
racks  be  indefinite  in  length,  and  void  of  gravity,  and  allow- 
ed to  move  freely  on  the  surface  on  which  they  rest ;  let  the 
racks  be  held  in  their  position  by  a  chain  connected  to  the 
end  of  each  rack,  and  passing  over  carrying  pulleys ;  on  the 
other  end  of  the  chains  let  there  be  weights  suspended,  so  that 
when  the  gear  wheel  makes  12  turns  per  minute  the  weights 
will  be  just  in  equilibrium  ;  then  the  velocity  of  the  boat  will 
be  equal  to  the  velocity  of  the  circumference  of  the  gear  wheel. 
Now  let  the  gear  wheel  make  16  tTirns  pei;  minute,  then  the 
velocity  of  the  boat  will  be  greater  than  the  velocity  due  to 
12  turns  per  minute,  but  less  than  the  velocity  due  to  16 
turns  per  minute,  and  the  velocity^of  the  racks  or  weights 
will  be  equal  to  the  relative  velocity.  It  is  a  well  established 
law,  that  the  momentum  of  matter  in  motion  is  equal  to  its 
weight,  multiplied  by  its  velocity ;  if  the  weight  remains 
constant  the  momentum  will  vary  as  the  velocity,  hence  the 
momentum  in  this  case  varies  as  the  velocity  of  the  weights. 
It  is  a  well  known  law,  that  the  power  required  to  put  matter 
in  motion  is  equal  to  the  momentum  of  the  matter  when  in 
•motion,  thefefore  the  power  required  to  put  these  weights  in 
motion  varies  as  the  relative  velocity  ;  again,  the  momentum 
of  these  weights  does  not  tend  in  any  manner  to  impel  the 
boat,  therefore  the  power  transmitted  from  the  engine  to 
these  weights  is  lost  to  that  end. 

Now  the  water  acts  against  the  paddle  wheels  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  racks  act  against  the  gear  wheels.  It  is 


PADDLE  WHEELS. 


157 


a  well  known  law,  that  action  and  reaction  is  equal  in  oppo- 
site directions  ;  that  is,  the  water  reacts  against  the  paddle 
wheel  with  the  same  force  that  the  wheel  acts  against  the 
water ;  if  the  water  does  not  yield  there  is  no  momentum 
implied,  because  there  is  no  motion  implied,  but  if  the 
water  yields  then  there  is  momentum  implied  ;  and  if  the 
water  yields  with  a  velocity  equal  to  the  velocity  of  the  boat, 
then  will  the  power  spent  in  putting  the  water  in  motion  be 
equal  to  the  power  spent  in  putting  the  boat  in  motiong 
because  action  and  reaction  is  equal  in  opposite  directions. 


PROBLEMS. 


PROBLEMS. 


No.  1. 

The  effective  fall  at  Matteawan,  New- York,  being  29 
feet,  the  length  of  the  dam  being  100  feet,  and  the  depth  of 
the  water  on  the  dam  at  low  water  mark  being  3  inches ; 
required,  the  nunsber  of  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  over 
the  dam  per  second — find  3  in  the  column  marked  Depth,^' 
(in  Table  No.  2,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  column  marked  "  No.  Feet,"  will  be  found  .42,  which 
multiplied  by  100  gives  42  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  over 
the  dam  per  second. — Ansioer. 

No.  2. 

Required,  the  number  of  horse  power  that  42  cubic  feet 
of  water  per  second  will  produce  if  applied  to  an  overshot 
wheel  29  feet  in  diameter — find  42  in  the  column  marked 
^'  No.  Feet,"  (in  Table  No.  3,)  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  table,  and  under  29  in  the  column  marked  Diameter," 
will  be  found  92.4  horse  power. — Answer. 

No.  3. 

Required,  the  length  of  an  overshot  wheel  29  feet  in  di- 
ameter to  transmit  92.4  horse  power — find  29  in  the  column 
marked  "  Diameter,"  (in  Table  No.  9,  Water  Power,)  op- 

8* 


162 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


posite  to  this  number  in  the  table  find  92.4,  or  the  nearest 
number  to  it  which  is  90.4  ;  over  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "Length,"  will  be  found  16  feet,  the  length  of  the 
wheel. — Ansioer. 

No.  4. 

Required,  the  area  of  the  canal  to  convey  the  water  from 
the  dam  to  the  wheel — find  16,  the  length  of  the  wheel,  in 
the  column  marked  "Length,"  (in  Table  No.  4,  Water 
Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
"  Area,"  will  be  found  27  feet ;  if  the  water  in  the  canal  is 
4  feet  deep,  the  canal  will  be  nearly  7  feet  wide,  because  4 
multiplied  by  7  is  nearly  equal  to  27  feet. — Answer. 

No.  5. 

Required,  the  depth  of  the  water  in  the  wheel  pit,  the 
width  of  the  race  being  equal  to  the  length  of  the  wheel, 
which  is  16  feet — find  42  cubic  feet  of  water  in  the  column 
marked  "No.  Feet,"  (in  Table  No.  5,  Water  Power,)  op- 
posite to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  16  in  the 
column  marked  "  Width,"  will  be  found  10  inches,  the  dif- 
ference in  the  depth  of  the  water  when  the  wheel  is  at  rest 
and  in  motion. — Answer, 

No.  6. 

Required,  the  width  of  the  belt  to  transmit  92  horse 
power,  the  diameter  of  the  smallest  drum  being  6  feet — find 
92  or  the  nearest  number  to  it  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse 
Power,"  (in  Table  No.  2,  Belting,)  opposite  to  95  in  the 
table,  and  under  6  in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  will 
be  found  57  inches,  or  three  belts  19  inches  each. — Answer, 

No.  7. 

Required,  the  number  of  mule  and  frame  spindles  with 
looms  on  No.  36  yarn  that  92  horse  power  is  capable  of  dri- 


PROBLEMS. 


163 


ving — find  92  or  the  nearest  number  to  it  which  is  94.5,  in 
the  column  marked  "Actual  Power,"  (in  Table  No.  3, 
Manufacturing,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "  Mula  and  Frame  Spindles,"  will  be  found  9000 
spindles  with  looms. — Answer, 

No.  8. 

Required,  the  attendant  machinery  for  9000  mule  and 
frame  spindles,  the  number  of  the  yarn  being  36 — find  9000 
in  the  column  marked  "  Mule  and  Frame  Spindles,"  (in 
Table  No.  12,  Manufacturing,)  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  different  columns  will  be  found,  1  willower,  3  two  beater 
pickers,  54  thirty-inch  cards,  9  railway  heads,  4  drawing 
frames  three  heads  each,  90  coarse  speeder  spindles,  342 
fine  speeder  spindles,  252  spooler  spindles,  5  warpers,  6 
dressers,  225  looms. — Answer, 

No.  9. 

The  factory  being  three  stories  high  and  50  feet  wide, 
required,  the  length  to  contain  9000  spindles  with  looms — 
find  9000  in  the  column  marked  "  Spindles,"  (in  Table  No. 
2,  Manufacturing,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  50  in  the  column  marked  "  Width,"  will  be  found 
297  feet,  the  length  of  the  building. — Answer, 

No.  10. 

Required,  the  number  of  operatives  to  operate  9000  spin- 
dles on  No.  36  yarn — find  9000  in  the  column  marked 
"  Spindles,"  (in  Table  No.  16,)  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  table,  and  under  35  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Yarn^" 
will  be  found  243  operatives. — Answer. 

No.  11. 

Required,  the  amount  paid  per  week  to  operate  9000 
spindles  with  looms  on  No.  36  yarn  per  week,  (including  all 


164 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


expenses  except  the  cost  of  the  cotton.) — find  9000  in  the 
column  marked  Spindles,"  (in  Table  No.  17,)  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  35  in  the.  column  mark- 
ed    No.  Yarn,"  will  be  found  1188  dollars.^^n5w;er. 

No.  12. 

Required,  the  contents  of  a  boiler  to  heat  a  factory  con- 
taining 9000  spindles  with  looms — find  9000  in  the  column 
marked  ^'Spindles,"  (in  Table  No.  15,  Manufacturing,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Contents," 
will  be  found  414  cubic  feet ;  if  the  boiler  is  4  feet  in  diam- 
eter the  length  will  be  nearly  33  feet,  because  the  area  of  4 
feet  cylinder  is  12.5  feet,  and  414  divided  by  12.5  gives 
33  nearly. — Answer, 

No.  13. 

Required,  the  number  of  tons  of  anthracite  coal  per  year 
to  heat  a  factory  containing  9000  spindles — find  9000  in  the 
column  marked  Spindles,"  (in  Table  No.  14,  Manufactu- 
ring,) opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
"  Tons,"  will  be  found  144  tons. — Answer, 

No.  14. 

The  effective  fall  at  the  City  of  Columbus,  Georgia,  is  14 
feet,  the  length  of  the  dam  is  500  feet,  and  the  depth  of  the 
water  on  the  dam  at  the  usual  low  water  mark  is  16  inches ; 
required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  over  the 
dam  per  second — find  ]6  in  the  column  marked  ''Depth," 
(in  Table  No.  2,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  column  marked  "  No.  Feet,"  will  be  found  5.24,  which 
multiplied  by  500  gives  2620  cubic  feet  of  water  passing 
over  the  dam  per  second. — Answer, 

No.  15. 

Required,  the  number  of  horse  power  that  2620  cubic 
feet  of  water  per  second  will  produce  if  applied  to  overshot 


PROBLEMS. 


165 


wheels — find  50  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Feet/^  (in 
Table  No.  3,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  14  in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter," 
will  be  found  53  horse  power  ;  then,  if  50  cubic  feet  will 
give  53  horse  power,  2620  cubic  feet  will  by  simple  propor- 
tion give  2777  horse  power, — Answer. 

No.  16. 

Required,  the  number  of  overshot  or  breast  wheels  to 
transmit  2777  horse  power,  the  wheels  being  14  feet  long — 
find  14  in  the  column  marked  ^'  Diameter,"  (in  Table  No. 
9,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  14  in  the  column  marked  Length,"  will  be  found 
38.2,  the  horse  power  of  one  v/heel  14  feet  long;  then,  if  2777 
is  divided  by  38.2  the  result  will  give  the  number  of  wheels, 
which  is  72,  each  14  feet  long. — Answer, 

No.  17. 

Required,  the  number  of  frame  spindles  with  looms  on 
No.  14  yarn,  that  2777  horse  power  is  capable  of  driving — 
find  142.5  in  the  column  marked  Actual  Power,"  (in 
Table  No.  3,  Manufacturing,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  Frame  Spindles,"  will  be  found  10,000 
spindles;  then,  if  142.5  horse  power  will  drive  10,000  frame 
spindles  with  looms,  2777  horse  power  will  by  simple  pro- 
portion drive  194,877  frame  spindles  with  looms  on  No.  14 
yarn. — Answer. 

No.  18. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  cotton  that  194,877 
spindles  on  No.  14  yarn  will  manufacture  per  week — find 
14  in  the  column  marked  "No.  Yarn,"  (in  Table  No.  34, 
Manufacturing,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  4000  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Spindles,"  will  be 
found  1336  pounds,  which  multiplied  by  6  gives  8016  pounds 
per  week ;  then,  if  4000  frame  spindles  turn  ofi*  8016  pounds 


166 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


per  week,  194,877  frame  spindles  will  by  simple  proportion 
produce  390,534  per  week,  or  about  48,800  bales  per  year; 
there  is  from  12  to  15  per  cent  waste  in  the  cotton,  which 
would  increase  the  amount  of  cotton. — Answer. 

No.  19. 

Required,  the  number  of  operatives  to  operate  194,877 
frame  spindles  with  looms  on  No.  14  yarn — find  10,000  in  the 
column  marked  ^'  Spindles,"  (in  Table  No.  16,  Manufac- 
turing,) opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  15 
in  the  column  marked  No.  Yarn,"  will  be  found  330 
operatives ;  then,  if  1000  spindles  require  330,  194,877  spin- 
dles will  by  simple  proportion  require  6431  operatives. — 
Answer, 

No.  20. 

Required,  the  amount  paid  per  week  to  operate  194,877 
frame  spindles  with  looms  on  No.  14  yarn,  (including  all 
expenses  except  the  cost  of  cotton,) — find  10,000  in  the  col- 
umn marked  Spindles,"  (in  Table  No.  17,  Manufacturing,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  15  in  the 
column  marked  "  No.  Yarn,"  will  be  found  1600  dollars ; 
then,  if  10,000  spindles  require  1600  per  week,  195,877  spin- 
dles will  by  simple  proportion  require  31,180  dollars  per 
week . — Answer, 

No.  21. 

The  length  of  a  dam  being  20  feet,  and  the  depth  of  the 
water  on  the  dam  being  5  inches,  required,  the  number  of 
cubic  feet  of  water  passing  over  the  dam  per  second — find  5 
in  the  column  marked  Depth,"  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  column  marked  "  No.  Feet,"  (in  Table  No.  2,  Water 
Power,)  will  be  found  92,  which  multiplied  by  20  gives 
18.40,  say  18  feet. — Answer, 


PROBLEMS. 


167 


No.  22. 

The  constant  supply  of  water  on  a  sill  being  18  cubic 
feet  of  water  per  second,  and  the  effective  fall  being  30  feet, 
required,  the  number  of  mule  spindles  with  looms  on  No.  36 
yarn,  that  this  power  is  capable  of  driving — find  18  in  the 
column  marked  No.  Feet,"  (in  Table  No.  3,  Water  Pow- 
er,) opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  30  in  the 
column  marked  ^'Diameter,"  will  be  found  40.96 -horse 
power — find  40.96,  or  the  nearest  number  to  it  which  is  39, 
in  the  column  marked  Actual  Power,"  (in  Table  No.  3, 
Manufacturing,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "  Mule  Spindles,"  will  be  found  4000  spindles  with 
looms  on  No.  36  yarn. — Answer, 

No.  23. 

The  fall  on  a  site  is  16  feet,  deduct  from  this  three  feet, 
when  the  effective  fall  will  be  13  feet;  required,  the  length 
of  an  overshot  wheel  to  drive  4000  mule  and  frame  spindles 
on  No.  30  yarn  with  looms — find  13  in  the  column  marked 
"  Fall,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  (in  Table  No. 
7,  Manufacturing,)  and  under  4000  in  the  column  marked 
"  No.  Spindles,"  will  be  found  24  feet,  or  two  12  foot  wheels. 
— Ansioer. 

No.  24. 

A  breast  wheel  is  required  to  work  its  actual  power  on  a 
fall  of  14  feet,  the  length  of  the  wheel  being  12  feet,  and  the 
race  being  4  feet  wide  ;  required,  the  depth  of  the  water  in 
the  wheel  pit.  The  horse  power  of  this  wheel  is  32.7, 
(found  in  Table  No.  9,  Water  Power,)  refer  to  Table  No. 
3,  Water  Power — find  14  in  the  column  marked  "  Diam- 
eter," under  this  number  in  the  table  find  32.7,  or  the  near- 
est number  to  it  which  is  32.86,  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  column  marked  "No.  Feet,"  will  be  found  31  cubic 


168 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


feet  discharged  from  the  wheel  per  second — find  31  in  the 
column  marked  ^'No.  Feet,"  (in  Table  No.  5,  Water  Power,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  4  in  the  col- 
umn marked  "  Width,"  will  be  found  21  inches,  the  depth 
of  the  water  in  the  wheel  pit  when  the  water  is  in  motion. 
— Answer, 

No.  25. 

The  effective  fall  on  a  site  being  13  feet,  and  the  number 
of  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  in  the  stream  per  second 
(four.d  from  a  dam  on  the  stream,)  being  35,  required,  the 
horse  power — find  35  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Feet," 
(in  Table  No.  3,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  table,  and  under  13  in  the  column  marked  ^'Diameter," 
will  be  found  34.44  horse  power. — Answer, 

No.  26. 

The  effective  head  being  13  feet,  required,  the  area  of 
all  the  openings  in  an  inward  or  centre  discharging  turbine 
water  wheel,  to  transmit  34.44  horse  power — find  13  in  the 
column  marked  "Head,"  (in  Table  No.  12,  Water  Power,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse 
Power,"  will  be  found  88  horse  power ;  then,  if  88  horse 
power  require  100  inches  area,  34.44  horse  power  will  by 
simple  proportion  require  391  inches  area. — Ansiver, 

No.  27. 

Required,  the  number  of  4^  feet  stones  grinding  wheat, 
with  all  the  attendant  machinery  that  this  power  is  capable 
of  driving — find  13  in  the  column  marked  "  Head,"  (in 
Table  No.  2,  Flour  and  Corn  Mills,)  opposite  to  this  number 
in  the  column  marked  "  Area,"  will  be  found  135  ;  then,  if 
135  inches  area  will  drive  one  run  of  4^  feet  stones,  391 
inches  area  will  by  simple  proportion  drive  nearly  3  run  of 


PROBLExMS. 


1(39 


4r>  feet  stones  grinding  wheat,  with  all  the  attendant  ma- 
chinery.— Answej\ 

No.  28. 

Required,  the  depth  of  the  water  in  the  wheel  pit,  the 
width  of  the  race  being  6  feet,  (35  feet  per  second  is  the 
number  discharged  from  the  wheel,) — find  35  in  the  column 
marked  "  No.  Feet,"  (in  Table  No.  5,  Water  Power,)  op- 
posite to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  6  in  the  column 
marked  "  Width,"  wiW  be  found  17  inches,  the  depth  of  the 
water  in  the  wheel  pit  when  the  wheel  is  in  motion. — 
Answer, 

No.  29. 

Required,  the  length  of  an  overshot  water  wheel,  the  di- 
ameter being  12  feet,  to  drive  2  run  of  4^  feet  stones  grind- 
ing wheat,  with  all  the  attendant  machinery — find  12  in  the 
column  marked  "Fall,"  (in  Table  No.  5,  Corn  and  Flour 
Mills,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  2  in 
the  column  marked  "No.  Run,"  will  be  found  11  ^  feet,  the 
calculated  length  of  the  wheel. — Ansiver. 

No.  30. 

Required,  the  length  of  an  overshot  wheel,  the  diameter 
being  22  feet,  to  drive  3  run  of  4|-  feet  stones  grinding  wheat, 
with  all  the  attendant  machinery — find  22  in  the  column 
marked  "  Fall,"  (in  Table  No.  5,  Corn  and  Flour  Mills,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  3  in  the  col- 
umn marked  "No.  Run,"  will  be  found  9^  feet,  the  calcu- 
lated length  of  the  wheel. — Answer, 

No.  31. 

Required,  the  length  of  an  overshot  wheel,  the  diameter 
being  16  feet,  to  drive  2  run  of  4^  feet  stones  grinding  corn 
—find  16  in  the  column  marked  "  Fall,"  (in  Table  No.  6, 


170 


MECHANICAL  PKINCli'lA . 


Corn  and  Flour  Mills,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
and  under  2  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Run/'  will  be 
found  10  feet,  the  length  of  the  wheel. — Answer. 

No.  32. 

The  head  being  16  feet,  and  the  area  of  all  the  openings 
in  an  inward  discharging  turbine  water  wheel  being  297 
inches,  required,  the  number  of  4^  feet  stones  grinding  wheat, 
with  all  the  attendant  machinery  this  wheel  is  capable  of 
driving — find  16  in  the  column  marked  "Head,"  opposite 
to  this  number  in  the  table  find  297,  over  this  number  in 
the  column  marked  "  No.  Run,"  will  be  found  3,  the  num- 
ber of  run  this  wheel  is  capable  of  driving. — Answer, 

No.  33. 

The  whole  fall  on  a  site  being  32-J-  feet,  required,  the  per 
cent  loss  of  an  overshot  wheel  due  to  this  fall,  and  the  per 
cent  loss  of  an  overshot  wheel  due  to  half  of  this  fall  ;  (in 
this  problem  it  is  necessary  to  suppose  the  statement  in  Note 
A  to  be  correct ;)  the  diameter  of  an  overshot  wheel  due  to 
32-J-  feet  fall  is  30  feet,  the  diameter  due  to  half  of  this  fall 
is  13f  feet — find  30  in  the  column  marked  Fall,"  (in 
Table  No.  10,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  "  Per  Cent,"  will  be  found  23  per  cent — 
find  14  in  the  column  marked  "  Fall,"  opposite  to  this  num- 
ber in  the  column  marked  "  Per  Cent,"  will  be  found  38 
per  cent :  the  per  cent  loss  due  to  13f-  feet  is  39  per  cent 
nearly ;  the  difference  of  39  and  23  is  16  per  cent ;  allow  6 
per  cent  for  the  difference  in  the  inertia  of  the  wheels  when 
loaded,  and  also  the  difference  in  the  power  due  to  the  water 
on  the  wheel  when  any  part  of  the  machinery  is  stopped, 
which  is  very  small  unless  the  power  is  lost  when  the  wheel 
runs  above  its  calculated  velocity ;  then  the  lost  power  by 
dividing  the  fall  into  two  falls  will  be  10  per  cent. — Answer. 


PROBLEMS. 


171 


No.  34. 

The  effective  fall  being  5  feet,  and  the  diameter  of  an 
outward  discharging  turbine  water  wheel  being  72  inches, 
required,  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  wheel  per  minute 
— find  5  in  the  column  marked  "  Head,"  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  table,  and  under  72  in  the  column  marked 
Diameter,"  will  be  found  41  revolutions. — Answer, 

No.  35. 

The  whole  fall  of  a  stream  or  site  is  18  feet ;  this  site  is 
subject  to  two  feet  back-water  three  months  in  the  year ;  but 
when  there  are  two  feet  back-water  the  head  is  raised  one 
foot ;  the  water  on  the  dam  being  one  foot  deep  then  the  whole 
fall  is  17  feet ;  allow  two  feet  for  the  head  being  drawn  down 
&c.,  then  the  effective  fall  will  be  15  feet ;  required,  the  area 
of  all  the  openings  in  an  inward  discharging  turbine  water 
wheel,  to  drive  one  run  of  4^  feet  stones  grinding  wheat, 
with  all  the  attendant  machinery — find  15  in  the  column 
marked  "  Head,"  (in  Table  No.  2,  Corn  and  Flour  Mills,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  1  in  the  col- 
umn marked  "No.  Run,"  will  be  found  109  inches  area. — > 
Answer. 

No.  36. 

The  fall  on  a  breast  wheel  being  18  feet;  there  are  five 
gates  to  let  the  water  on  the  wheel,  the  upper  gate  being 
under  a  head  of  2  feet,  and  the  lower  gate  under  a  head  of 
10  feet ;  required,  the  per  cent  loss  of  the  wheel  when  sup- 
plied with  water  from  the  upper  gate  under  a  head  of  2  feet, 
and  the  per  cent  loss  when  supplied  from  the  lower  gate 
under  a  head  of  2  feet,  (according  to  the  statement  in  Note 
A)~find  18  in  the  column  marked  "Fall,"  (in  Table  No. 
10,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "  Per  Cent,"  will  be  found  33  per  cent  loss ;  find 


172 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


10  in  the  column  marked  "  Fall,"  (which  is  the  fall  from 
the  lower  gate,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "Per  Cent,"  will  be  found  49  per  cent  loss  of 
power. — Answer. 

No.  37. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  an  outward  dis- 
charging turbine  water  wheel,  to  drive  1  run  of  4-^  feet 
stones  grinding  corn,  the  effective  head  when  the  reservoir 
is  full  being  16  feet;  the  reservoir  is  frequently  drawn  down 
6  feet,  as  the  constant  supply  of  water  is  not  sufficient  to 
drive  the  wheel,  hence  the  wheel  must  be  calculated  for  10 
feet  fall — find  10  in  the  column  marked  "Head,"  opposite 
to  this  number  in  the  table,  (in  Table  No.  3,  Corn  and  Flour 
Mills,)  and  under  1  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Run," 
will  be  found  137  inches  area. — Answer. 

No.  38. 

The  diameter  of  the  wheel  in  No.  37  Problem,  being  48 
inches,  required,  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute  ;  take 
some  number  between  16  and  10 — as  the  average  head  will 
be  nearer  16  than  10,  choose  14 — find  14  in  the  column 
marked  "Head,"  (in  Table  No.  13,  Water  Power,)  oppo- 
site to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  48  in  the  column 
marked  "  Diameter,"  will  be  found  102  revolutions. — 
Answer. 

No.  39. 

The  effective  fall  being  16  feet,  required,  the  area  of  all 
the  openings  in  an  inward  discharging  turbine  water  wheel, 
to  drive  two  run  of  4|  feet  stones  grinding  wheat,  with  all 
the  attendant  machinery — find  16  in  the  column  marked 
"  Head,"  (in  Table  No.  2,  Corn  and  Flour  Mills,)  opposite 
to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  2  in  the  column 


marked  No.  Run,"  will  be  found  198  inches;  area.-^r 
Ansiver,  \^  ;  U- 

No.  40. 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  the  wheel  in  No.  89  Prob- 
lem, the  effective  fall  being  16  feet — find  16  in  the  column 
marked  Head,"  (in  Table  No.  12,  Water  Power,)  oppo- 
site to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  ^'  Florse  Power," 
will  be  found  12.1  horse  power ;  then,  if  100  inches  area  gives 
12.1  horse  power,  198  inches  area  will  by  simple  proportion 
give  24  horse  power  nearly. — Answer. 

No.  41. 

Required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  discharged 
from  the  wheel  in  No.  39  Problem  per  second,  (supposing 
this  wheel  to  produce  the  same  effect  as  the  overshot  or  breast 
wheel  on  the  same  fall,) — find  16  in  the  column  marked 
"  Diameter,"  (in  Table  No.  3,  Water  Power,)  below  this 
number  in  the  table,  find  24  horse  power,  or  the  nearest 
number  to  it,  which  is  24.24,  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  "  No.  Feet,"  will  be  found  20  cubic  feet  of 
water ;  in  this  case  2-J  feet  of  the  fall  should  be  allowed  for 
head  and  clearance,  same  as  allowed  to  the  overshot  wheel, 
then  the  whole  fall  will  be  18^  feet. — Answer, 

No.  42. 

Required,  the  depth  of  the  water  in  the  wheel  pit  in  No. 
39  Problem,  the  width  of  the  race  being  6  feet — find  20 
(cubic  feet,  the  number  discharged  from  the  wheel  per 
second)  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Feet,"  (in  Table  No. 
5,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  6  in  the  column  marked  Width,"  v/ill  be  found  12 
inches,  the  depth  of  the  water  in  the  wheel  pit  when  the 
wheel  is  running, — Answer. 


174 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


No.  43. 

Required,  the  depth  of  the  water  in  the  wheel  pit  in  No. 
39  Problem,  the  width  of  the  race  being  12  feet — find  20  in 
the  column  marked  No.  Feet,"  (in  Table  No.  5,  Water 
Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  12 
in  the  column  marked  "  Width,"  will  be  found  7  inches,  the 
depth  of  the  water. — Answer, 

No.  44. 

Required,  the  length  of  an  overshot  water  wheel,  the  fall 
being  16  feet,  to  drive  the  blast,  &c.,  to  a  furnace  which 
turns  off  6  tons  of  No.  1  Iron  per  day — find  16  in  the  col- 
umn marked  Fall,"  (in  Table  No.  1,  Furnace,)  opposite 
to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  6  in  the  column  mark- 
ed No.  Tons,"  will  be  found  13  feet,  the  length  of  the 
wheel. — Answer. 

No.  45. 

For  each  ton  of  No.  1  Iron  per  day  it  requires  aboyt  7 
calculated  horse  power,  the  effective  fall  being  18  feet ;  re- 
quired, the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  an  outward  discharg- 
ing turbine  water  wheel,  to  drive  the  blast,  &c.,  to  a  furnace 
which  makes  6  tons  of  No.  1  Iron  per  day,  which  requires 
42  horse  power — find  18  in  the  column  marked  Head," 
(in  Table  No.  12,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number 
in  the  column  marked  Horse  Power,"  will  be  found  25.2 
horse  power  ;  then,  if  25.2  horse  power  require  100  inches 
area,  42  horse  power  will  by  simple  proportion  require  166 
inches  area. — Ansioer. 

No.  46. 

Required,  the  width  of  the  canal  to  convey  the  water 
from  the  dam  to  the  wheel  in  No.  45  Problem,  the  depth  of 
the  canal  being  4  feet — find  18  (the  effective  fall  in  No.  45 


PROBLEMS. 


175 


Problem,)  in  the  column  marked  ^'Diameter,"  (in  Table 
No.  9,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
find  42,  (horse  power  of  the  wheel  in  No.  45  Problem,) 
over  this  number  in  the  column  marked  Length,"  will 
be  found  12  feet,  the  length  of  an  overshot  wheel  on  the 
same  fall  of  42  horse  power- — find  12  in  the  column  marked 
"  Length,"  (in  Table  No.  4,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  column  marked  "  Area,"  will  be  found  20, 
which  divided  by  4  gives  5  feet,  the  width  of  the  canal. — - 
Answer, 

No.  47. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  an  inward  dis- 
charging turbine  water  wheel  to  drive  a  furnace  blast,  &;c., 
which  makes  3  tons  of  No.  1  Iron  per  day,  which  requires 
21  calculated  horse  power,  the  effective  fall  being  12  feet — 
find  12  in  the  column  marked  "  Head,"  (in  Table  No.  12, 
Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  mark- 
ed "Horse  Power,"  will  be  found  7.8  horse  power;  then,  if 
7.8  horse  power  require  100  inches  area,  21  horse  power 
will  by  simple  proportion  require  269  inches  area. — Answer. 

No.  48. 

The  actual  power  required  in  No.  47  Problem  is  about 
16  horse  power ;  required,  the  width  of  the  belt  to  transmit 
16  horse  power,  the  diameter  of  the  smallest  drum  being  4 
feet — find  16  in  the  column  marked  Plorse  Power,"  (in 
Table  No.  2,  Belting,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
and  under  4  in  the  column  marked  "  Diameter,"  will  be 
found  14.4,  say  14  inches,  the  width  of  the  belt. — Answer, 

No.  49. 

The  average  depth  of  the  water  on  a  dam  which  is  40 
feet  long  during  the  summer  months  is  3  inches ;  required, 
the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  passing  over  the  dam  per 


176 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


second — find  3  in  the  column  marked  "  Depth,"  (in  Table 
No.  2,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "No.  Feet,"  will  be  found  .42,  which  multiplied  by 
40  gives  16.8,  say  17  cubic  feet  per  second. — Answer, 

No.  50. 

Required  the  horse  power  of  17  cubic  feet  of  water  per 
second,  the  effective  fall  being  18  feet — find  17  in  the  column 
marked  "  No.  Feet,"  (in  Table  No.  3,  Water  Power,)  op- 
posite to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  18  in  the  column 
marked  "  Diameter,"  will  be  found  23.18  horsepower. — 
Answer, 

No.  51. 

Required,  the  length  of  an  overshot  wheel  18  feet  in  di- 
ameter, to  transmit  23.18  horse  power — find  18  in  the  col- 
umn marked  Diameter,"  (in  Table  No.  9,  Water  Power,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table  find  23.18,  or  the  near- 
est number  to  it  which  is  24.6,  over  this  number  in  the  col- 
umn marked  "  Length,"  will  be  found  7  feet,  the  length  of 
the  wheel. — Answer, 

No.  52. 

Required,  the  number  of  tons  of  No.  1  Iron  that  a  fur- 
nace will  make  per  day,  being  supplied  with  the  power  of 
an  overshot  wheel  18  feet  in  diameter  and  7  feet  in  length — 
find  18  in  the  column  marked  "  Fall,"  (in  Table  No.  1, 
Furnace,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table  find  7,  or  the 
nearest  number  which  is  6  or  8,  over  6  in  the  column  mark- 
ed No.  Tons,"  will  be  found  3  tons,  over  8  will  be  found 
4  tons,  hence  3-^  tons  is  due  to  7  feet :  there  is  about  25  per 
cent  surplus  power  in  this  wheel,  hence  the  actual  produc- 
tion is  about  4f  tons  per  day. — Answer. 


PROBLEMS. 


177 


No.  53. 

Required,  the  number  of  horse  power  to  drive  2  large 
size  circular  saws,  and  two  of  Woodworth's  large  size  board- 
planing  machines — find  2  in  the  column  marked  "  Large 
Size  Circular  Saws,"  (in  Table  No.  1,  Miscellaneous  Machi- 
nery,) opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  Horse 
Power,"  will  be  found  10  horse  power: — find  2  in  the  column 
marked  Woodworth's  Planing  Machines,"  (in  Table  No. 
3,  Miscellaneous  Machinery,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  "  Horse  Power,"  will  be  found  12  horse 
power,  which  added  to  10,  makes  22  horsepower. — Answer, 

No.  54. 

The  efiective  fall  being  12  feet,  required,  the  area  of  all 
the  openings  in  an  inward  discharging  turbine  wheel  to  drive 
2  large  size  circular  saws,  and  2  large  size  planing  ma- 
chines, which  require  22  horse  power — find  12  in  the  col- 
umn marked  Head,"  (in  Table  No.  12,  Water  Power,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse  Pow- 
er," will  be  found  7.8  ;  then,  if  7.8  horse  power  require  100 
inches  area,  22  horse  power  will  by  simple  proportion,  re- 
quire 282  inches  area. — Answer, 

No.  55. 

Required,  the  number  of  horse  power  to  drive  2  large 
size  upright  saws,  (for  sawing  logs,)  and  1  large  size  cir- 
cular saw,  and  1  large  size  planing  machine — find  2  in  the  col- 
umn marked  Upright  Saws,"  (in  Table  No.  2,  Miscellaneous 
Machinery,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
"Horse  Power,"  will  be  found  14  horse  power  :  find  1  in  the 
column  marked  "  Circular  Saws,"  opposite  to  this  number  in 
iho  ctolumn  marked  "  Horse  Power,"  will  be  found  5  horse 
power :  find  l  in  the  column  marked  "  Planing  Machines," 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  Horse 

9 


178 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


Power,"  will  be  found  6  horse  power;  then  14,  5  and  6 
added  together,  makes  25  horse  power. — Answer, 

No.  56. 

Required,  the  length  of  an  overshot  wheel,  the  diameter 
being  12  feet,  to  produce  25  horse  power — find  12  in  the  col- 
umn marked  "  Diameter,"  (in  Table  No.  9,  Water  Power,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table  find  25,  or  the  nearest 
number  to  it,  which  is  25.8,  over  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "Length,"  will  be  found  11  feet,  the  length  of  the 
wheel. — Answer, 

No.  57. 

Required,  the  area  of  the  canal  to  convey  the  water  from 
the  reservoir  to  the  wheel  in  No.  56  Problem — find  11  in 
the  column  marked  "  Length,"  (in  Table  No.  4,  Water 
Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
"  Area,"  will  be  found  19  feet  area  ;  if  the  canal  is  3  feet 
deep  it  will  be  nearly  6  feet  wide,  because  6  multiplied  by  3 
gives  19  nearly,  or  it  is  6^  by  3  feet. — Answer, 

No.  58. 

Required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  discharged 
from  the  wheel  in  56  Problem  per  second,  the  wheel  is  25 
horse  power  and  12  feet  in  diameter — find  12  in  the  column 
marked  "  Diameter,"  (in  Table  No.  3,  Water  Power,) 
under  this  number  in  the  table  find  25,  or  the  nearest  num- 
ber to  it,  which  is  25.45 ;  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  "No.  Feet,"  will  be  found  28  feet. — 
Answer, 

No.  59.  , 

Required,  the  depth  of  the  water  in  the  wheel  pit  in  No. 
66  Problem,  the  width  of  the  race  beinjj  8  feet— find  28  in 


PROBLEMS. 


179 


the  column  marked  "  No.  Feet,"  (in  Table  No.  5,  Water 
Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  8  in 
the  column  marked  "  Width,"  will  be  found  12  inches,  the 
depth  of  the  water  in  tlie  wheel  pit. — Answer, 

No.  60. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  an  outward  dis- 
charging turbine  water  wheel,  to  drive  the  machinery  in 
55  Problem,  the  power  to  drive  which  is  25  horse,  the 
effective  head  being  20  feet — find  20  in  the  column  marked 
"  Head,"  (in  Table  No.  12,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse  Power,"  will  be 
found  29.5  horse  power ;  then,  if  29.5  horse  power  require 
100  inches  area,  25  horse  power  will  by  simple  proportion 
require  84  inches  area  nearly. — Answer* 

No.  61. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  (to  drive  one  large 
size  upright  saw,  which  requires  7  horse  power)  in  the  out- 
ward discharging  turbine  water  wheel,  the  head  being  5  feet 
— find  5  in  the  column  marked  Head,"  (in  Table  No.  12, 
Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  mark- 
ed "  Horse  Power,"  will  be  found  8.8  horse  power ;  then,  if 
3.8  require  100  inches  area,  7  will  by  simple  proportion 
require  189  inches  area. — Answer, 

No.  62. 

Required,  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute  of  the 
wheel  in  No.  61  Problem,  the  diameter  being  48  inches — 
find  5  in  the  column  marked  "  Head,"  (in  Table  No.  13, 
Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  un- 
der 48  in  the  column  marked  Diameter,"  will  be  found 
61  revolutions. — Answer, 


180 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


No.  63. 

The  effective  fall  being  12  feet,  required,  the  length  of  a 
breast  wheel  to  drive  18  different  size  cut-nail  machines, 
with  the  attendant  machinery — -find  12  in  the  column  mark- 
ed "  Fall,"  (in  Table  No.  1,  Nail  Machines,)  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  18  in  the  column  mark- 
ed "  No.  Machines,"  will  be  found  14;^  feet,  the  length  of 
the  wheel. — Answer. 

No.  64. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  an  inward  dis- 
charging turbine  water  wheel,  the  effective  head  being  16 
feet,  to  drive  16  nail  machines  of  different  size,  with  the  at- 
tendant machinery ;  the  calculated  power  is  2  horse  power 
to  each  machine ;  then  the  horse  power  required  to  drive  16 
machines  is  32 — find  16  in  the  column  marked  "  Head," 
(in  Table  No.  12,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  column  marked  "Horse  Power,"  will  be  found  12.1 
horse  power,  then  if  12.1  horse  power  require  100  inches 
area,  32  will  by  simple  proportion  require  264  inches  area. 
— Answer. 

No.  65. 

Required,  the  area  of  all  the  openings  in  an  outward  dis- 
charging turbine  water  wheel,  the  head  being  6  feet,  to  drive 
8  different  size  cut-nail  machines,  which  requires  16  horse 
power — find  6  in  the  column  marked  Head,"  (in  Table  No. 
12,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "  Horse  Power,"  will  be  found  4.6  horse  power; 
then,  if  4.6  horse  power  require  100  inches  area,  16  horse 
power  will  by  simple  proportion  require  347  inches  area. — 
Aoswer. 


PROBLEMS. 


181 


No.  66. 

The  smallest  drum  being  6  feet,  required,  the  width  of  a 
belt  to  transmit  16  horse  power — find  16  in  the  column 
marked  "  Horse  Power,"  (in  Table  No.  2,  Belting,)  oppo- 
site to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  6  in  the  column 
marked  "  Diameter,"  will  be  found  9.6,  say  10  inches,  the 
width  of  the  belt  to  transmit  16  horse  power. — Answer, 

No.  67. 

Required,  the  number  of  dead  spindles  on  No.  25  yarn, 
to  manufacture  3,000,000  pounds  of  cotton  per  day;  this  will 
give  900,000,000  pounds  of  cotton  per  year,  the  estimated 
production  of  the  United  States — find  25  in  the  column 
marked  "No.  Yarn,"  (in  Table  No.  35,  Manufacturing,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  4000  in  the 
column  marked  "  No.  Spindles,"  will  be  found  704  pounds; 
then,  if  704  pounds  require  4000  spindles  with  looms, 
3,000,000  pounds  will  by  simple  proportion  require  17,045, 
454  spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  25  yarn. — Answer, 

No.  25  Yarn  is  probably  near  the  mean  or  average 
number,  therefore  the  number  of  spindles  required  for  this 
number  would  probably  be  nearly  equal  to  the  whole  num- 
ber of  spindles  now  spinning  the  above  amount  of  cotton. 

No.  68. 

Required,  the  number  of  horse  power  to  drive  17,045,454 
frame  spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  25  yarn — find  10,000  in 
the  column  marked  "  Frame  Spindles,"  (in  Table  No.  3, 
Manufacturing,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "  Actual  Power,"  will  be  found  127.5  horse  power ; 
then,  if  10,000  spindles  require  127.5  horse  power,  17,045,454 
spindles  will  by  simple  proportion  require  217,329  horse 
power. — Answer. 


182 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


No.  69. 

Required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second, 
the  effective  fall  being  16  feet,  to  drive  17,045,454  frame 
spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  25  yarn — find  50  in  the  column 
marked  "  No.  Feet,"  (in  Table  No.  3,  Water  Power,)  op- 
posite to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  16  in  the  col- 
umn marked  ^'Diameter,"  will  be  found  60.6  horse  power  ; 
then,  if  60.6  horse  power  require  50  cubic  feet  per  second, 
217,329  horse  power  will  by  simple  proportion  require 
179,314  cubic  feet  per  second. — Answer. 

No.  70. 

Required,  the  length  of  a  dam,  over  which  179,314 
cubic  feet  of  water  will  pass  per  second,  the  depth  of  the 
water  on  the  dam  being  60  inches,  or  5  feet — -find  60  in  the 
column  marked  "  Depth,"  (in  Table  No.  2,  Water  Power,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  No.  Feet," 
will  be  found  37.8  cubic  feet;  then,  if  37.8  cubic  feet  require 
a  dam  1  foot  long,  179,314  cubic  feet  will  by  simple  propor- 
tion require  a  dam  4743  feet  long,  or  about  f  of  a  mile. — 
Answer, 

No.  71. 

Required,  the  amount  paid  for  labor  per  week,  to  operate 
17,045,454  spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  25  yarn — find  10,000 
in  the  column  marked  "  Spindles,"  (in  Table  No.  17,  Man- 
ufacturing,) opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under 
'  "No.  25,"  will  be  found  1080  dollars ;  then,  if  10,000  spindles 
require  1080  dollars  per  week  to  operate  them,  17,045,454 
spindles  will  by  simple  proportion  require  1,840,909  dollars 
per  week,  or  92,045,450  dollars  per  year,  nearly. — Answer, 


PROBLEMS. 


183 


No.  72. 

Required,  the  amount  paid  per  week,  including  all  ex- 
penses except  the  cost  of  cotton,  to  operate  17,045,454  spin- 
dles with  looms,  on  No.  25  yarn — find  10,000  in  the  column 
marked  Spindles,"  (in  table  No.  17,  Manufacturing,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  "  No.  25," 
will  be  found  1460  dollars ;  then,  if  10,000  spindles  require 
1460  dollars  per  week,  17,045,454  spindles  will  by  simple 
proportion  require  2,488,636  dollars  per  week,  or  124,431, 
814  dollars  per  year,  nearly. — Answer, 

No.  73. 

Required,  the  number  of  operatives  to  operate^7,045,454 
spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  25  yarn — find  10,000  in  the  col- 
umn marked  "  Spindles,"  (in  Table  No.  16,  Mdnufacturfng,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  No.  25," 
will  be  found  300  operatives ;  then,  if  10,000  spindles  require 
300  operatives,  17,045,454  spindles  will  by  simple  propor- 
tion require  511,363  operatives. — Answer, 

The  usual  capital  employed  in  manufacturing  establish- 
ments (including  the  factory,  houses,  land,  &;c.,)  is  about 
25  dollars  per  spindle,  hence  the  capital  employed  to  operate 
17,045,454  spindles  with  looms,  is  about  426,136,350  dollars. 

No.  74, 

Required,  the  cost  per  yard  for  manufacturing  f  sheet- 
ings, No.  14  yarn,  and  2.9  or  nearly  3  yards  per  pound, 
when  cotton  is  worth  6  cents  per  pound — find  14  in  the  col- 
umn marked  "No.  Yarn,"  (in  Table  No.  19,  Manufactur- 
ing,) opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  6  in 
the  column  marked  "  Price  of  Cotton,"  will  be  found  5.95 
cents,  the  cost  per  yard. — Answer, 


184 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA, 


No.  75. 

Required,  the  cost  per  yard  for  manufacturing  f  shirt- 
ings, No.  36  yarn,  and  5  yards  per  pound,  when  cotton  is 
worth  8  cents  per  pound — find  36  in  the  column  marked 
No.  Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under 
8  in  the  column  marked  "  Price  of  Cotton,"  will  be  found 
6.42  cents  per  yard. — Answer, 

No.  76. 

Required,  the  cost  per  yard  for  manufacturing  f  print- 
ing goods.  No.  31  yarn,  and  5.8  yards  per  pound,  when  cot- 
ton is  worth  6  cents  per  pound — find  31  in  the  column 
marked  No.  Yarn,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
and  under  6  in  the  column  marked  "  Price  of  Cotton,"  will 
be  found  4.24  cents  per  yard. — Answer, 

No.  77. 

A  factory  containing  50  \  looms,  and  on  No.  14  yarn, 
will  turn  off  about  9900  yards  per  week  ;  when  cotton  is 
worth  7  cents  per  pound,  and  the  cash  price  of  the  goods  is 
7  cents  per  yard,  required,  the  profits  per  week — the  cost 
per  yard  for  making  the  goods  is  6.45  cents,  which  taken 
from  7,  gives  .55  profit  per  yard,  which  multiplied  by  9900, 
gives  54.45  dollars  per  week,  or  2722  dollars  .per  year. — 
Answer, 

The  factory  in  No.  77  Problem,  will  contain  about  2000 
mule  and  frame  spindles,  which  multiplied  by  25  dollars,  the 
usual  cost  per  spindle,  gives  50,000  dollars  capital.  The 
per  cent  interest  on  the  capital  is  nearly 

No.  78. 

A  factory  containing  100  f  looms  on  No.  31  yarn,  will 
turn  off  about  18,000  yards  per  week  ;  if  cotton  is  worth  7 


PROBLEMS. 


185 


cents  per  pound,  and  the  cash  price  of  the  printing  goods  is 
5  cents  per  yard,  required,  the  profits  per  week — the  cost 
per  yard  for  making  this  style  is  4.46,  which  taken  from  5, 
gives  .54  profit  per  yard,  which  muhiplied  by  18,000,  gives 
97.20  dollars  per  week,  or  4,860  dollars  per  year. — Answer, 

No.  79. 

Required,  the  capital  and  per  cent  interest  of  the  factory 
in  No.  78  Problem,  for  100  f  looms  on  No.  31  yarn— 4,000 
mule  and  frame  spindles  are  usually  allowed,  which  multi- 
plied by  25,  gives  100,000  dollars  capital ;  4,860  divided  by 
100,000,  gives  4        per  cent  interest. — Answer. 

No.  80. 

A  factory  containing  64  f  looms,  on  No.  33  yarn,  will 
turn  ofi"  about  10,000  yards  per  week  ;  if  cotton  is  worth  8 
cents  per  pound,  and  the  cash  price  of  the  goods  being  7^ 
cents,  required,  the  profits  per  week — the  cost  per  yard  for 
making  this  style  of  goods  is  6.31,  which  taken  from  7^, 
gives  1.19  profit  per  yard,  which  multiplied  by  10,000, 
gives  119  dollars  per  week,  or  5950  dollars  per  year. — 
Answer, 

No.  81. 

Required,  the  capital  and  the  per  cent  interest  of  the  fac- 
tory in  No.  80  Problem,  for  64  f  looms  on  No.  33  yarn — - 
2,500  mule  and  frame  spindles  are  usually  allowed,  which 
multiplied  by  25,  gives  62,500  dollars  capital ;  5,950  divi- 
ded by  62,500,  gives  9^  per  cent  nearly. — Answer, 

No.  82. 

Required,  the  horse  power  of  an  engine,  the  diameter  of 
the  cylinder  being  18  inches,  the  effective  pressure  being  50 
pounds  per  inch,  and  the  velocity  of  the  piston  300  feet  per 

9* 


186 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


minute — find  50  in  the  colunan  marked  "Pressure/'  (in 
Table  No.  6,  Steam  Power,)  under  this  number  in  the  table, 
and  opposite  to  18  in  the  column  marked  Diameter,"  will 
be  found  38.55,  which  multiplied  by  3.00,  gives  115.65  horse 
power ;  this  being  an  ordinarily  finished  high  pressure  engine, 
deduct  20  per  cent,  which  gives  92.52  effective  horse  power. 
— Answer. 

•V 

No.  83. 

Required,  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder  of  an  ordinarily 
finished  high  pressure  engine,  the  effective  pressure  being 
55  pounds  per  inch,  and  the  velocity  of  the  piston  being  250 
feet  per  minute,  to  drive  2000  mule  spindles  with  looms,  on 
No.  30  yarn ;  the  calculated  power  required  is  28  horse 
power;  (see  Notes  A,  B,  and  C  ;)  25  per  cent  of  28  is  7, 
which  added  to  28  gives  35,  (which  is  the  theoretical  power 
of  the  engine;)  divide  35  by  2.50,  which  gives  14,  (the  theo- 
retical power  due  to  100  feet  velocity  of  the  piston  per  mi- 
nute,)— find  55  in  the  column  marked  Pressure,"  (in  Table 
No.  6,  Steam  Power,)  under  this  number  in  the  table  find  14, 
or  the  nearest  number  to  it,  which  is  13.09  or  15.84,  say 
15.84,  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Di- 
ameter," will  be  found  11  inches,  the  diameter  of  the 
cylinder. — Answer, 

No.  84. 

Suppose  the  calculated  power  in  No.  83  Problem  was 
36  horse  power,  required,  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder  ;  25 
per  cent  of  36  is  9,  which  added  to  36  gives  45,  which  divi- 
ded by  2.50  gives  18 — find  55  in  the  column  marked 
"  Pressure,"  under  this  number  in  the  table  find  18,  or  the 
nearest  number  to  it,  which  is  18.84,  opposite  to  this  number 
in  the  column  marked  Diameter,"  will  be  found  12  inches, 
the  diameter  of  the  cylinder. — Answer, 


PROBLEMS. 


187 


No.  85. 

Required,  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder  of  an  ordinarily- 
finished  high  pressure  engine,  the  effective  pressure  being 
60  pounds  per  inch,  and  the  velocity  of  the  piston  being  225 
feet  per  minute,  to  drive  6000  mule  and  frame  spindles  with 
looms,  on  No.  30  yarn  ;  the  calculated  power  required  is  90 
horse  power ;  25  per  cent  of  90  is  22.5,  which  added  to  90 
gives  112.5,  which  divided  by  2.25  gives  50 — find  60  in  the 
column  marked  Pressure,"  (in  Table  No.  6,  Steam  Power,) 
below  this  number  in  the  table,  find  50,  or  the  nearest  num- 
ber to  it,  which  is  51,54,  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  Diameter,"  will  be  found  19  inches,  the 
diameter  of  the  cylinder. — Answer, 

No.  86, 

Suppose  the  velocity  of  the  piston  in  No.  85  Problem 
was  275  feet  per  minute,  required,  the  diameter  of  the  cylin- 
der;  then  1125  divided  by  275  gives  40.91 — find  60  in  the 
column  marked  Pressure,"  below  this  number  in  the  table 
find  40.91,  or  the  nearest  number  to  it,  which  is  41.26, 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  Diameter," 
will  be  found  17  inches,  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder. — 
Answer, 

No.  87, 

Required,  the  efiective  pressure  per  inch  of  an  ordinarily 
finished  high  pressure  engine,  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder 
being  10  inches,  and  the  velocity  of  the  piston  being  250  feet 
per  minute,  to  drive  3000  frame  spindles  with  looms  on  No. 
25  yarn ;  the  calculated  power  required  is  51  horse  power ; 
25  per  cent  of  51  is  12.75,  which  added  to  51,  gives  63.75, 
which  divided  by  2.50,  gives  25.5 — find  10  in  the  column 
marked  ^'  Diameter,"  (in  Table  No.  6,  Steam  Power,)  oppo- 


188 


MECHANICAL  PEINCIPIA. 


site  to  this  number  in  the  table  find  25.5,  or  the  nearest 
number  to  it,  which  is  25.46,  over  this  number  in  the  col- 
umn  marked  Pressure,"  will  be  found  107  pounds,  effec- 
tive pressure  per  inch. — Answer. 

No.  88. 

Required,  the  velocity  of  the  piston  per  minute  of  an  or- 
dinarily finished  high  pressure  engine,  the  diameter  of  the 
cylinder  being  12  inches,  and  the  effective  pressure  being  60 
pounds  per  inch,  to  drive  8000  frame  spindles  with  looms  on 
No.  40  yarn ;  the  calculated  power  required  is  48  horse 
power;  25  per  cent  of  48  is  12,  which  added  to  48  gives  60 
— find  12  in  the  column  marked  ^'  Diameter,"  (in  Table  No. 
6,  Steam  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  60  in  the  column  marked  Pressure,"  will  be  found 
20.56  ;  now  if  20.56  horse  power  require  100  feet  per  minute, 
60  horse  power  will  by  simple  proportion  require  291  feet, 
the  velocity  of  the  piston  per  minute. — Answer, 

No.  89. 

Required,  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder  of  an  ordinarily 
finished  high  pressure  engine,  the  effective  pressure  being 
50  pounds  per  inch,  and  the  velocity  of  the  piston  being  250 
feet  per  minute,  to  drive  24  cut-nail  machines ;  the  calcula- 
ted power  required  is  48  horse  power  ;  25  per  cent  of  48  is 
12,  which  added  to  48  gives  60,  which  divided  by  2.50  gives 
24 — find  50  in  the  column  marked  Pressure,"  (in  Table 
No.  6,  Steam  Power,)  under  this  number  in  the  table  find 
24,  or  the  nearest  number  to  it,  which  is  23.32,  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  column  marked  Diameter,"  will  be 
found  14  inches,  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder. — Answer, 

No.  90. 

Required,  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder  of  an  accurately 
finished  condensing  engine,  the  effective  pressure  being  30 


PROBLEMS. 


189 


pounds  per  inch,  and  the  velocity  of  the  piston  being  300  feet 
per  minute,  to  drive  12  cut-nail  machines ;  the  calculated 
power  required  is  24  horse  power;  33.33  per  cent  of  24  is 
8,  which  added  to  24  gives  32,  which  divided  by  3.00  gives 
10.66 — find  30  in  the  column  marked  "  Pressure,"  below 
this  number  in  the  table  find  10.66,  or  the  nearest  number 
to  it,  which  is  10.28,  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  Diameter,"  will  be  found  12  inches,  the  diameter 
of  the  cylinder. — Answer. 

No.  91. 

Required,  the  efiective  pressure  per  inch  of  an  accurately 
finished  high  pressure  engine,  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder 
being  10  inches,  and  the  velocity  of  the  piston  being  300 
feet  per  minute,  to  drive  18  cut-nail  machines;  the  calcula- 
ted power  required  is  36  horse  power;  17.65  per  cent  of  36 
is  6.35,  which  added  to  36  gives  42.35,  which  divided  by 
3.00  gives  14.12 — find  10  in  the  column  marked  Diam- 
eter," (in  Table  No.  6,  Steam  Power,)  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  table  find  14.12,  or  the  nearest  number  to  it, 
which  is  14.04,  above  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
Pressure,"  will  be  found  59  pounds,  effective  pressure. — 
Answer, 

No.  92. 

Required,  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder  of  an  ordinarily 
finished  condensing  engine,  the  effective  pressure  being  36 
pounds  per  square  inch,  and  the  velocity  of  the  piston  being 
300  feet  per  minute,  to  drive  the  blast,  &;c.,  to  a  furnace 
which  makes  7  tons  of  No.  1  Iron  per  day;  the  calculated 
power  required  is  49  horse  power  ;  42.86  per  cent  of  49  is 
21,  which  added  to  49  gives  70,  which  divided  by  3.00  gives 
23.33 — find  36  in  the  column  marked  Pressure,"  below 
this  number  in  the  table  find  23.33,  or  the  nearest  number 
to  itj  which  is  24.76,  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 


190 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


marked  "Diameter,"  will  be  found  17  inches,  the  diameter 
of  the  cylinder. — Ansioer. 

No.  93. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  coarse  anthracite  coal 
per  day,  to  drive  6000  mule  spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  36 
yarn;  the  actual  power  required  is  58.5  horse  power — find 
58.5,  say  58,  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse  Power,"  (in 
Table  No.  2,  Steam  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  "  Pounds,"  will  be  found  2436  pounds  of 
coal. — Ansiver, 

No.  94. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  coarse  anthracite  coal 
per  day,  to  drive  2000  mule  and  frame  spindles  with  looms, 
on  No.  30  yarn  ;  the  actual  power  required  is  22.5  horse 
power,  say  22 — find  22  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse 
Power,"  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
"  Pounds,"  will  be  found  924  pounds. — Answer, 

No.  95. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  coarse  anthracite  coal 
per  day,  to  drive  two  run  of  4^  feet  stones,  grinding  corn  ; 
the  actual  power  required  is  28  horse  power — find  28  in  the 
column  marked  "  Horse  Power,"  (in  Table  No.  2,  Steam 
Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked 
"Pounds,"  will  be  found  1176  pounds. — Answer. 

No.  96. 

Required,  the  number  of  pounds  of  coarse  anthracite  coal 
per  day,  to  drive  17,045,454  frame  spindles  with  looms,  on 
No.  25  yarn ;  the  actual  power  required  is  217,329  horse 
power — find  100  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse  Power," 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Pounds," 
will  be  found  4200  pounds  ;  then,  if  100  horse  power  re- 


PROBLEMS. 


191 


quire  4200  pounds  per  day,  217,329  horse  power  will  require 
by  simple  proportion  9,127,818  pounds  per  day,  or  1,369,170 
tons  per  year  (300  working  days). 

No.  97. 

Required,  the  number  of  cords  of  southern  pine  wood 
per  day,  to  drive  2000  frame  spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  14 
yarn;  the  actual  power  required  is  28.5,  say  28  horse  power 
— find  28  in  the  column  marked  Horse  Power,"  (in  Table 
No.  3,  Steam  Power,)  as  28  is  between  25  and  30,  the  num- 
ber of  cords  of  wood  required  will  be  between  3  and  3-^,  say 
3|  cords. — Ansioer, 

No.  98. 

Required,  the  number  of  cords  of  southern  pine  wood 
per  day,  to  drive  1  run  of  4^  feet  stones  grinding  corn,  and  1 
run  of  4-J  feet  stones  grinding  wheat,  with  all  the  attendant 
machinery  ;  the  actual  power  required  is  26  horse  power — 
find  26,  or  the  nearest  number  to  it,  which  is  25,  in  the  col- 
umn marked  "  Horse  Power,"  (in  Table  No.  3,  Steam  Pow- 
er,) opposite  to  25  in  the  column  marked  Cords,"  will 
be  found  3  cords. — Answer, 

No.  99. 

Required,  the  length  of  a  boiler  which  is  48  inches  in 
diameter,  to  drive  1000  frame  spindles  with  looms,  on  No. 
14  yarn  ;  the  calculated  power  required  is  19  horse  power 
—find  48  in  the  column  marked  Diameter,"  (in  Table 
No.  1,  Steam  Power,)  below  this  number  in  the  table  find 
19,  or  the  nearest  number  to  it,  which  is  18.8,  opposite  to 
this  number  in  the  column  marked  "  Length,"  will  be  found 
18  feet,  the  length  of  the  boiler. — Answer. 


192 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


No.  100. 

A  boiler  is  26  feet  long,  and  36  inches  in  diameter ;  re- 
quired, the  number  of  mule  spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  30 
yarn,  this  boiler  is  capable  of  driving ;  the  calculated  power 
of  the  boiler  is  15  horse  power ;  to  drive  1000  mule  spindles 
with  looms,  on  No.  30  yarn,  it  requires  14  horse  power  ; 
hence,  the  boiler  is  capable  of  driving  1000  spindles. — 
Answer, 

No.  101. 

Required,  the  diameter  of  a  boiler,  the  length  being  30 
feet,  to  drive  one  run  of  4-J-  feet  stones  grinding  corn  ;  the 
calculated  power  required  is  16  horse  power — find  30  in  the 
column  marked  Length,"  (in  Table  No.  1,  Steam  Power,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table  find  16,  or  the  nearest 
number  to  it,  which  is  17.6,  over  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  "  Diameter,"  will  be  found  36  inches,  the  diameter 
of  the  boiler. — Answer. 

No.  102. 

There  are  two  boilers,  each  40  feet  long ;  required,  their 
diameters  to  drive  three  board  planing  machines,  and  three 
circular  saws  ;  the  calculated  power  required,  is  33  horse 
power — find  40  in  the  column  marked  Length,"  (in  Table 
No.  1,  Steam  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
find  half  of  33,  which  is  16.6  nearly,  over  this  number  in 
the  column  marked  Diameter,"  will  be  found  30  inches, 
the  diameter  of  the  boilers. — Answer. 

No.  103. 

Required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  per  day  (12 
hours)  to  supply  an  engine  to  drive  two  circular  saws,  and 
two  planing  machines ;  the  calculated  power  required  is 
22  horse  power — find  22  in  the  column  marked  Horse 


PROBLEMS. 


193 


Power,'^  (in  Table  No.  4,  Steam  PoAver,)  opposite  to  this 
number  in  the  table,  and  under  12  in  the  column  marked 
"  Hours/'  will  be  found  290.4  cubic  feet  of  water. — Answer, 

No.  104. 

Required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  per  day  (12 
hours)  to  supply  an  engine  to  drive  two  run  of  4^  feet  stones 
grinding  corn ;  the  calculated  power  required  is  28  horse 
power — find  28  in  the  column  marked  ^'  Horse  Power,"  (in 
Table  No.  4,  Steam  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
table,  and  under  12  in  the  column  marked  "  Hours,"  will  be 
found  369.6  cubic  feet  of  water. — Answer, 

No.  105. 

Required,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  per  day  (12 
hours)  to  supply  engines  to  drive  17,045,454  frame  spindles 
with  looms,  on  No.  25  yarn ;  the  calculated  power  required 
is  289,772  horse  power — find  100  in  the  column  marked 
Horse  Power,"  (in  Table  No.  4,  Steam  Power,)  opposite 
to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  12  in  the  column 
marked  Hours,"  will  be  found  1320  cubic  feet;  then,  if 
100  horse  power  require  1320  cubic  feet,  289,772  horse 
power  will  by  simple  proportion  require  3,824,990  cubic 
feet  per  day. — Answer, 

■  No.  106. 

Divide  3,824,990  cubic  feet  by  43,200,  the  number  of 
seconds  in  12  hours,  gives  88.5  cubic  feet-  per  second ; 
required,  the  length  of  a  dam  over  which  88.5  cubic  feet  of 
water  will  pass  per  second,  the  depth  of  the  water  on  the 
dam  being  6  inches — find  6  in  the  column  marked  "Depth," 
(in  Table  No.  2,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in 
the  column  marked  ''No.  of  Feet,"  will  be  found  1.2;  then, 
if  1.2  cubic  feet  of  water  require  a  dam  one  foot  long,  88,5 


194 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


cubic  feet  will  by  simple  proportion  require  a  dam  74  feet 
long,  nearly. — Answer, 

No.  107. 

Required,  the  diameter  of  an  overshot  water  wheel,  to 
drive  17,045,454  frame  spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  25  yarn, 
the  constant  supply  of  water  being  88.5  cubic  feet  per 
second  ;  the  actual  power  required  is  217,329  horse  power 
— find  30  in  the  column  marked  No.  Feet,"  (in  Table 
No.  3,  Water  Power,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table, 
and  under  10  in  the  column  marked  Diameter,' '  will  be 
found  22,65  horse  power  ;  then,  if  30  cubic  feet  will  give 
22.65  horse  power,  88.5  will  by  simple  proportion  give 
64.17  horse  power;  now,  if  64.17  horse  power  require  a 
wheel  10  feet  in  diameter,  217,329  horse  power  will  by  sim- 
ple proportion  require  an  overshot  wheel  33,866  feet,  or  6.4 
miles  in  diameter. — Answer, 

No.  108. 

A  belt  is  running  1500  feet  per  minute  ;  required,  the 
number  of  square  inches  in  contact  with  the  drum  to  trans- 
mit 1  horse  power — find  1  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse 
Power,"  (in  Table  No.  2,  Belting,)  opposite  to  this  number 
in  the  table,  and  under  2  in  the  column  marked  Diameter," 
will  be  found  1.8  inches,  the  width  of  the  belt;  the  diameter 
of  the  drum  is  2  feet,  and  the  belt  is  in  contact  with  nearly 
half  the  circumference  of  the  drum,  which  is  about  37 
inches,  which  multiplied  by  1.8,  (the  width  of  the  belt,) 
gives  66.6,  say  66  inches,  for  each  horse  power. — Answer, 

No.  109. 

A  belt  is  running  1500  feet  per  minute  ;  required,  the 
weight  which  each  square  inch  of  the  belt  is  constantly 
raising ;  33,000  pounds  raised  one  foot  high  per  minute  is 
equal  to  one  horse  power,  22  pounds  raised  1500  feet  high 


PROBLEMS. 


195 


per  minute,  is  also  equal  to  one  horse  power ;  hence,  66 
square  inches  in  contact  with  the  drum,  raises  22  pounds 
1500  feet  per  minute,  but  if  66  square  inches  raise  22  pounds, 
one  square  inch  will  raise  of  a  pound,  or  -J-  of  a  pound. — 
Answer, 

No.  110. 

The  diameter  of  the  smallest  drum  being  10  feet,  and  the 
power  to  be  transmitted  being  1  horse  power,  required,  the 
width  of  the  belt — find  1  in  the  column  marked  "  Horse 
Power,"  opposite  to  thin  number  in  the  table,  and  under  10 
in  the  column  marked  Diameter,"  will  be  found  .36,  or 
about  one  third  of  an  inch  in  width  :  it  will  be  noticed  that 
the  strength  of  the  belt  is  not  taken  into  consideration. — 
— Answer, 

No.  111. 

The  distance  between  New-York  city  and  Albany  being 
160  miles,  and  the  running  time  of  a  steamboat  in  making 
a  trip  being  10  hours,  which  gives  16  miles  per  hour;  and 
the  diameter  of  the  wheels  being  30  feet ;  required,  the  num- 
ber of  revolutions  of  the  wheels  per  minute,  (presuming  that 
the  water  does  not  yield,) — find  30  in  the  column  marked 
'"Diameter,"  (in  Table  No.  1,  Paddle  Wheels,)  below  this 
number  in  the  table,  find  16  miles  per  hour,  or  the  nearest 
number  to  it,  which  is  16.06,  opposite  to  this  number  in  the 
column  marked  ^'  Revolutions,"  will  be  found  15,  the  num- 
ber of  revolutions  per  minute. — Answer, 

No.  112. 

In  No.  Ill  Problem,  the  whole  number  of  revolutions  of 
the  paddle  wheels  during  the  trip,  was  12,000  (found  by  the 
indicator  on  the  engine,)  required,  the  per  cent  slip  of  the 
wheel  (or  water) ;  divide  12,000  by  the  number  of  minutes 
occupied  in  making  the  trip,  which  is  600,  which  gives  20 


196 


MECHANICAL  PRINCIPIA. 


revolutions  per  minute — find  20  in  the  column  marked 
Revolutions,"  (in  Table  No.  2,  Paddle  Wheels,)  below 
this  number  in  the  table  find  16,  (miles  speed  of  the  boat  in 
No.  Ill  Problem,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  column 
marked  Per  Cent,"  will  be  found  18  per  cent,  the  slip  of 
the  wheel  (or  water). — Answer. 

No.  113. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  United  States  will  manufacture 
400,000  bales  of  cotton  this  year,  (1848,)  or  about  180,000, 
000  pounds,  which  divided  by  300,  ^the  number  of  working 
days  in  a  year,)  gives  600,000  pounds  per  day;  required, 
the  number  of  dead  spindles  on  No.  20  yarn,  to  manufacture 
600,000  pounds  of  cotton  per  day — find  20  in  the  column 
marked  "  No.  Yarn,"  (in  Table  No.  35,  Manufacturing,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  4000  in  the 
column  marked  No.  Spindles,"  will  be  found  896  pounds; 
then,  if  896  pounds  require  4000  spindles,  600,000  pounds 
will  by  simple  proportion  require  2,678,571  spindles. — 
Answer, 

These  goods  will  average  about  4  yards  to  each  pound  of 
cotton,  then  180,000,000  pounds  of  cotton  will  give  720,000, 
000  yards.  Suppose  the  population  of  the  United  States 
were  20,000,000  ;  required,  the  number  of  yards  to  each 
person  ;  divide  720,000,000  by  20,000,000,  which  gives  36 
yards  to  each  person. 

No.  114. 

Required,  the  amount  of  capital  to  operate  2,678,571 
spindles  with  looms — the  usual  amount  invested  per  spindle, 
is  25  dollars,  which  multiplied  by  2,678,571  gives  66,964, 
275  dollars,  the  present  capital  employed  in  cotton  manufac- 
turing in  the  States. — Answer. 


PROBLEMS. 


197 


No.  115. 

Required,  the  number  of  operatives  to  operate  2,678,571 
spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  20  yarn — find  20  in  the  column 
marked  ''No.  Yarn,''  (in  Table  No.  16,  Manufacturing,) 
below  this  number  in  the  table,  and  opposite  to  10,000  in  the 
column  marked  ''Spindles,"  will  be  found. 315;  then,  if 
10,000  spindles  require  315  operatives,  2,678,571  spindles  • 
will  by  simple  proportion  require  84,375  operatives. — 
Answer. 

No.  116. 

Required,  the  amount  paid  for  labor  per  week,  to  ope- 
rate 2,678,571  spindles  with  looms,  on  No.  20  yarn — find 
10,000  in  the  column  marked  "  Spindles,"  (in  Table  No. 
17,  Manufacturing,)  opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and 
under  20  in  the  column  marked  "  No.  Yarn,"  will  be  found 
1130  dollars;  then,  if  10,000  spindles  require  1130  dollars 
per  week  to  operate  them,  2,678,571  spindles  will  by  simple 
proportion  require  302,678  dollars  per  week,  or  15,133,900 
dollars  per  year. — Answer, 

No.  117. 

Required,  the  amount  paid  per  week,  including  all  ex- 
penses except  the  cost  of  cotton,  to  operate  2,678,571  spin- 
dles with  looms,  on  No.  20  yarn — find  10,000  in  the  column 
marked  "Spindles,"  (in  Table  No.  17,  Manufacturing,) 
opposite  to  this  number  in  the  table,  and  under  20  in  the 
column  marked  "  No.  Yarn,"  will  be  found  1530  dollars ; 
then,  if  10,000  spindles  require  1530  dollars,  2,678,571 
spindles  will  by  simple  proportion  require  409,821  dollars 
per  week,  or  20,491,050  per  year. — Answer, 


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vol.,  8vo. 

Travels  in  Arabia  Petreea,  &c.,  by  E 
Joy  Morris,  2  vols. 

Rockwell's  Sketches  of  Foreign 
Travel  and  Life  at  Sea,  2  vols.  8vo, 

Howitt's  Visits  to  Remarkable  Pla- 
ces, 2  vols.,  8vo. 

Zenobia,  or  Letters  from  Palmyra, 
2  vols. 

Sedgwick's  Letters  from  Abroad,  2 
vols. 

Belzoni's  Travels  in  Egypt. 
Fisk's  Travels  in  Europe,  1  vol.,  8vo. 
Baird's  Visit  to  Northern  Europe,  2 
vols. 

Southgate's  Travels  in  Turkey  and 

Persia,  2  vols. 
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rians. 

Perkins's        do.        do.  8vo. 
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Cooley's  American  in  Egypt,  6vo. 
plates. 

Sigourney's  Pleasant  Memories  of 

Pleasant  Lands. 
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Harris,  8vo. 
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Malcom's  Travels  in  the  East,  2 
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LKAriTT,  TROW  &  CO.'S  CATA.LOOUE,  191  BROADWAT,  NKW-YORK. 


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World,  2  vols.  Rev  Dr.  Jno.  A.  Clarke. 

Moffatt's  Southern    Africa,  12mo.,  Travels  of  Mungo  Park,  Bruce, 
plates.  'Voyages  of  Humboldt,  Drake,  Tyt 

Lander's  Travels  in  Africa.  [    ler,  Cavendish. 


POETRY. 

BEAUTIFUL  STANDARD  LIBRARY  EDITIONS  OF  THE  POETS, 

ILLUSTRATED, 

AND 

ELEGANT  MINIATURE  EDITIONS  OF  THE  SAME. 


The  roETicAL  Works  of  Walter 
Scott,  Thomas  Moore,  Burns, 
Goldsmith,  Cowper,  Milton, Thom- 
son, Young,  Gray,  Collins,  Beat- 
tie,  Pope, Coleridge,  Rogers,  Mont- 
gomery, Campbell,  Lamb,  Kirke 
White,  Crabbe,  Pollok,  Words- 
wrorlh,  Southey,  Howitt,  Shelley, 
&c 

The  Poetical  Works  of  Mrs.  He- 
mans,  Mrs.  Norton,  Miss  Landon, 
Miss  Barrett,  2  vol.,  Hannah  More, 
Mrs.  Ellis,  &c. 

Frost  and  Aiken's  British  Poets,  3 
vols. 

British  Drama,  in  2  vols.,  8vo. 

Gems  of  the  Modern  Poets,  beauti- 
fully illustrated,  with  forty-five 
steel  engravings. 

Gems  of  the  ancient  Poets,  do.  do. 

Rogers's  Poems,  splendidly  illustra- 
ted edition,  8vo. 

Moore's  Lalla  Rookh,  do.  do.  8vo. 

Cowper's  Task,  illustrated. 

Spenser's  Poetical  Works,  5  vols. 
12mo. 

La  Fontaine's  Fables,  in  verse, 
plates,  8vo. 


Lord  Byron's  Works,  all  the  differ* 

ent  editions. 
Shakspeare's  Works,  do.  do. 

The  Poems  of  N.  P.  Willis,  Bryant, 
Barry  Cornwall,  H.  F.  Gould, 
Tennyson,  Lowell,  Mrs.  Sigour- 
ney,  Dana,  T.  Haynes  Bayley, 
Beranger,  Heber,  Motherwell. 

Longfellow's  Voices  of  the  Night. 
Do.        Spanish  Student,  Bal- 
lads, and  other  Poems. 

Hillhouse's  Dramas,  &c.,  2  voLs., 
l2mo. 

The  Poets  and  Poetry  of  America, 
by  Rufus  W.  Griswold,  8vo. 

The  Poets  and  Poetry  of  England, 
by  Rufus  W.  Griswold,  8vo. 

The  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Connecti- 
cut. 

Christian  Ballads,  by  Rev.  R.  Gris- 
wold. 

The  Poetical  Works  of  Whittier, 

and  Mrs.  Ellis 
Lillian  and  other  Poems,  by  Praed. 
Whitney's  Evening  Hours,  j.ist  pub 

lished. 


MUSIC. 

A'ingsley  s  Social  Choir,  3  vols.  I  Dana's  Northern  Harp. 
The  Odeon  |     Do.  Southern  do. 

6 


■  X 


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Boston  Academy's  Manual. 
Boston  Glee  Book,  American  do., 

Gentlemen's  do.,  New-York  Glee 

Book. 

Webb's  Vocal  Class  Book. 

Do.  Common  School  Songster. 
Boston  School  Song  Book. 
Bradbury's  School  Singer. 

Do.         Singing  School. 

Do.        Young  Choir. 
Social  Minstrel. 
Manhattan  Collection. 
Boston  Academy's  do. 
Carmina  Sacra. 
Zeuner's  Ancient  Lyre. 
Massachusetts  Collection. 


Sacred  I»yre,  Hastings. 
Social  Songs. 

American  Psalmody  '^  V  t/-  ^ 

Modern  Psalmist.  "  ^^^T 

Kingsley's  Sacred  Choir. 
Do.         Harp  of  David. 

N.  Y.  Sacred  Music  Society  s  Col 
lection  of  Church  Music. 

Songs  of  Asaph. 

Beethoven  Collection. 

National  Church  Harmony 

Psalmodist,  by  Hastings  and  Brad- 
bury. 

Southern  Harmony. 

Missouri  do 

The  Odeon,  by  Mason  &  Webb. 


ENCYCLOPEDIAS,  &,c. 


American  Encyclopedia,  or  Encyclo-] 
pedia  Americana,  13  octavo  vols. 

Brande's  Encyclopedia  of  Science, 
Literature,  and  Art. 

lire's  Dictionary  of  Arts,  Manufac- 
tures, and  Mines. 

Murray's  Encyclopedia  of  Geogra- 
phy, 3  vols. 

M'Culloch's  Commercial  Dictionary, 
2  vols. 


M'Culloch's  Geographical  Diction- 
ary, 2  vols. 

Chapin's  Gazetteer  of  the  United 
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New- York  Gazetteer. 

Brookes'  Universal  Gazetteer. 

Farmer's  Encyclopedia. 

Encyclopedia  of  Chemistry,  by 
Boothe  and  Boye. 


AGRICU 

Economy  of  Farming. 
Kenrick's  American  Orchardist. 
New  American  Gardener. 
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American  Agriculturist. 
The  Cultivator. 
Farmer's  Mine'. 
Loudon's  Gardening  for  Ladies. 
Farmer's  Companion. 
Gray's  Agricultural  Chemistry. 
Farmer's  Treasure. 
Theory  of  Horticulture,  by  Down- 
ing and  Gray. 
Bridgeman's  Gardener's  Assistant. 
Johnston's  Agricultural  Chemistry. 
Liebeg'a  do.  do. 


■URE,  &,c. 

Every  Lady  her  own  Gardener. 
American  Farmer's  Encyclopedia. 
Dana's  Muck  Manual. 
Buel's  Farmer's  Instructor. 
Armstrong's  Agriculture. 
Smith's  Productive  Farming. 
Faulkner's  Farmer's  Manual, 
Downing's  Gardening. 
Baswell's  Poultry-Yard. 
American  Poultry-Book. 
Blacklock  on  Sheep. 
Youatt  on  the  Horse. 
Youatt's  Every  3Ian  his  own  Cattfe 
Doctor. 

Downing's  Landscape  Gardening. 
American  Poulterer's  Companion. 


LEAVITT,  TROW  &  CO.*S  CATALOGUE,  191  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


FLORAL. 


Bridgeman's  Florist's  Guide. 
American  Fiower  Garden  Directory. 
The  Complete  Florist. 
J.anguage  of  Flowers. 
Flora's  Interpreter. 
Sentiment  of  Flowers. 
Flora's  Lexicon. 
Q,ueen  of  Flowers. 
Vdy'fl  Book  of  Flowers  and  Poetry. 


Loudon's  Companion  to  the  Flower 

Garden. 
Gray's  Botanical  Text  Book. 
Wright  and  Eaton's  Botany. 
Lincoln's  do. 
Poetry  of  Flowers  and  Flowerg  of 

Poetry,  plates. 
Complete  Gardener  and  Florist, 
Buist  on  Culture  of  the  Rose. 


ARCHITECTURE  MECHANICS. 


Lefever's  Modern  Builder's  Guide. 

Do.       Stair-case  and  Hand-rail. 
Benjamin's  Aichitecture, 
Shaw's  Rural  Architecture,  (quarto, 

just  published.) 
Dcwning's  Cottage  Residence. 

Oo         Landscape  Gardening. 
Renwick's  Mechanics. 
Bomharlat's  do. 
Mechanic's  Own  Book. 
Engineer's  Text  Book. 


lire's  Dictionary  of  Mechanics,  &c. 
Millwright's  Guide. 
Haswell's  Engineer's  (pocket)  Book. 
Architecture  of  the  Heavens. 
Nichol's  Solar  System. 
Nicholson's  Mechanic's  Companion 
Gregory's  Mathematics  for  Practical 
Men. 

Ewbank's  Mechanics  and  Hydrau* 
lies. 

American  House  Carpenter,8vo.  pita 


DOMESTIC  ECONOMY. 


Beecher's  (Catherine)Domestic  Eco- 
nomy. 

Do.     Domestic  Service. 
Miss  Leslie's  Cookery. 
Leslie's  House  Book. 

Do.    75  Receipts. 

Do.    200    Receipts    in  French 

Coookery. 
Cogk's  Own  Book. 
American  Frugal  Housewife. 


Kitchen  Directory. 
Complete  Cook. 

Do.  Confectioner* 
American  Housewife. 
Housekeeper's  Manual. 
Mackenzie's  5000  Receipts. 
United  States  Family  Receipt  Book* 
Buchan's  Domestic  Medicine. 
Home  Book  of  Health  and  Medicine* 
Gunn's  Domestic  Medicine. 


NATURAL  HISTORY. 


Goodrich's  Pictorial  Natural  History. 
Buffon's  Natural  History,  2  vols. 
White's     do.       do.  of  Selborne. 
Natural  History  of  Insects. 

Do.       do.       of  (Quadrupeds. 

Do.       do.       of  Birds. 
Wyatt  8  Conchology 


Wilson's  American  Ornithology. 
Godman's  Natural  History,  2  vola« 
Goldsmith's    do.  do. 
Trimmer's      do.  do. 
Bigland's        do.  do. 
Goldsmith's  Animated  Nature,  4  v. 
Cuvier's  Animal  Kingdom,  4  voIb, 

8 


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AMERICAN 

Maps  of  the  United  States,  of  each 

State  &c. 
Traveller's    Guides    through  the 


GUIDE  BOOKS. 

United  States. 
Maps  and  Descriptions  of  the  CitT 
of  New  York,  &c.,  &c. 


DICTIONARIES, 

AMERICAN    AND  FOREIGN. 


Webster  s  new  large  Dictionary  2 
vols,  royal  8vo. 
Do.      do.       do.  1  vol.  8vo. 

Todd's  Johnson  and  Walker's  Dic- 
tionary. 

Walker  s  Pronouncing  Dictionary. 

Johnson's  Pocket  Dictionary. 

Cobb's  Miniature  Lexicon. 

Worcester's  New  English  Diction- 
ary, 1  vol.  8vo.  in  press 

Richardson's  English  Dictionary,  2 
vols,  quarto. 


Fleming  and  Tibbin's  French  and 
English  Dictionary,  1  vol.  royal 
Bvo.,  just  published. 

Boyer's  French  Dictionary. 

Meadows'  French  Pronouncing  Die* 
tionary. 

Rowbotham's  Pocket  French  Dic- 
tionary. 

Nugent's  French  Dictionary. 

Newman  and  Barretti's  Spanish  and 
English  Dictionary,  2  vols.  Bvo. 
Do.  do.  abridged. 


ITALIAN  AND  GERMAN  DICTIONARIES. 


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ALL  THE  STANDARD  AND  POPULAR  MISCELLANEOUS  WORKS 

OF   THE  DAY". 
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Do.       Hector  O'Halloran,  do. 

Do.       Charles  O'Malley.  do. 

Do.       Jack  Hinton,  do. 

Do.       Tom  Burke  of  Ours,  do. 

Do.       Handy  Andy,  do. 

Do.       Valentine  Vox,  do. 

Do.       Harry  Lorrequer,  do. 

Do.       Geo.  St.  Geo.  Julian,  do. 
Ati^Jten's  (Miss)  Novels,  1  vol.  8vo. 
^ajp's  Fables,  plates. 
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Advice  to  a  Young  Gentleman. 
Arabian  Nights,  8vo.,  illustrated. 


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man Prose  Writers. 

Alcott's  Works,  (Wm.  A.)— see  Y. 

Advice  to  Mothers,  18mo. 
Do.    to  Wives,  ISrao. 

Brougham's  (Lord)  Speeches,  2  vols 
8vo. 

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Do. 
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3  vols. 
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do.  do 
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Boz's  (Charles  Dickens)  Works,  7 
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Bigelow's  Useful  Arts,  2  vols. 
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Blessington's  (Lady)  Works,  1  vol. 
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British  Essayist^  16  vols.,  embracing 
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Roget's  Physiology,  500  cuts. 

Buckland's  Geology,  2  vols.,  plates. 

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Burke's  (Edmund)  Complete  Works, 
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11 


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Do  do.  do.  7  do.  12mo. 
Do.       do.    Memoirs,  2  do.  8vo, 

Monaldi,  by  W.  Allston,  12mo. 

Marshall  on  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion, 8vo. 

Marryatt's  (Captain)  Novels,  2  vols. 
8vo. 

Do.  Juvenile  Works,  5  vols. 
18mo 

Macaulay's  Miscellanies,  5  vs.l2mo. 

Do.        do.  cheap  ed.  I  vol.  8vo. 
Miller's  Rural  Sketches,  12mo. 
Murphy's  Tacitus,  translation. 
Mill's  History  of  Chivalry,  8vo 

Do.      do.       Crusades,  8vo. 
Martineau's  (Harriet)  Works. 
May  Flower,  by  Mrs.  Stowe. 
Maltebrun's  Universal  Geography,  6 

vols.  8vo. 
Means  and  Ends,  by  Miss  Sedgwick. 
Hadison  (Jam.es)    Papers,  3  vols. 

8vo 


Major  Downing's  Letters,  12m<i 
Madame  de  Sevigne  and  her  con* 

temporaries,  2  vols.  l2mo. 
Madam  Malibran,  Memoirs,  2  vols. 
Mitford's  (Mjss)  Works,  1  vol.  8vo. 
Noctes  Arabrosianae,  by  Prof.  Wilson 

4  vols. 

Needlework,   (Hand-book   of,)  by 

Miss  Lambert,  8vo. 
Neele's  Literary  Remains,  8vo. 
Nott's  Addresses  to   Young  Men, 

18mo. 

No  Fiction,  by  Rev.  A.  Reed,12mo. 
New  Purchase,  or.  Seven  Years  in 

the  Far  West,  2  vols. 
Norman  Leslie,  by  Fay,  2  vols. 
Opie's  (Mrs.)  Complete   Works,  5^ 

vols.  8vo. 
Ornaments    Discovered,   by  Mri 

Hughes. 

Olmsted's  Whaling  Voyage,  12mo. 
Ovid,  translation,  2  vols.  l8mo. 
Outlaw  (The),  by  Mrs.  Hall,  2  vols 
Oxonians  (The),  2  vols.  12mo. 
Olmsted's   Letters  on  Astronomy, 
12mo. 

Popular  Technology,  or.  Professions 

and  Trades. 
Political  Economy,  by  F.  Wayland. 
Paulding's  (James  K.)  Works. 
Political  Economy,  adapted  to  the 

Soutlii^rn  States,  8vo. 
Pollok's  Tales  of  the  Covenanters, 

18mo. 

Pursuit  of  Knowledge  under  Diffi- 
culties, 2  vols. 

Picciola,  a  new  edition. 

Perilous  Adventures  by  Sea  smh 
Land. 

Pocket  Lacon,  2  vols.  18mo. 
Poor  Rich  Man  and  Rich  Poor  Man. 
Percy  Anecdotes,  1  vol.  8vo. 
Parents'  Assistant,  by  Maria  Edge- 
worth. 

Preston's  Interest  Tables,  6  and  7 
per  cent. 

Queens  of  England,  Lives  of,  by  Ag- 
nes Strickland,  6  vols.  12mo. 

Ruins  of  Ancient  Cities,  2  vols.l8mo. 

Ranke's  History  of  the  Popes  of 
Rome,  1  vol.  8vo.  j 

Robinson  Crusoe,  pictorial  ed'n  8vo, 


12 


LEAVITT,  TROW  &  CO.'S   CATALOGUE,   191  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK, 


Robertson's  Four  Years  in  Paraguay, 
2  volg. 

Roscoe's  Lives  of  British  Lawyers, 
2  vols. 

Recollections  of  a  Southern  Matron, 

by  Mrs.  Oilman. 
Rose's  Sallust,  translation. 
Romance  of  History — France — by 
Ritchie,  2  vols. 
Do  do.  Italy — by 

Macfarlane,  2  vols. 
Romances  of  Real  Life,  by  Mrs. Gore, 
2  vols. 

Reid  on  Clock  and  Watch  Making. 
Scott's  (Walter)  Novels,  fine  edition, 
27  vols. 

Do  do.  do.  5  vols.  8vo. 
Do.  Complete  Works, .10  vols.  8vo 
Do.  Miscellanies,  3  vols.  12mo. 

Stanley  Thorn,  1  vol.  8vo. 

Study  of  the  Life  of  Woman,  by 
Mad.  de  Saussan. 

Spectator  (The),  6  vols.  ISmo. 

Smith's  (Sydney)    Miscellanies,  3 
vols.  12mo. 
Do.       do.       cheap  ed'n,  1  vol. 

Stephens'  Miscellanies,  1  vol. 

Sternes'  Complete  Works,  8vo. 

Smollett's    do.  do.  8vo. 

St.  Pierre's  Studies  of  Nature. 

Sismondi's  Italian  Republic. 

Simms'  Novels. 

Spirit  of  the  Age,  illustrated. 

Speeches  of  Phillips,  Curran,  Grat- 
tan,  Emmet,  Chatham,  Burke,  Pat- 
rick Henry,  Brougham,  Clay, 
Randolph,  Webster,  Canning,  Cal- 
houn, &c.,  &c. 

J^edgwick's    (Miss)    Letters  from 
Abroad,  2  vols. 
Do.  Juvenile  and  other  Tales. 

Sherwood's  (Mrs.)  Complete  Works, 
15  vols,  uniform. 

Sigourney's  (Mrs.)  Letters  to  Young 
Ladies. 

Do.  do.       do.  to  Mothers. 

Do.  Pleasant  Memories,  &c. 
Silvio  Pellico,  a  new  translation. 
Schlegel's  History  of  Literature. 

Do.  Philosophy  of  History,  2  vols. 
Smyth's  Lectures  on  Modern  Histo- 

ly^  2  vols 

1 


Smith's  Thucydides,  translation. 
Sinclair's  Scotland  and  the  Scotch. 

Do.    Shetland  and  the  Shetland 

ers. 

Sandford  a»d  Merton. 
Story's  Miscellaneous  Writings,  Svo 
Story  on  the  Constitution,  Svo. 
Silliman's  Gallop  among  Americaa 
Scenery. 

Shakspeare,  all  the  different  ed'nd. 

Simcoe's  Letters  and  Journal. 

Sheppard  Lee,  2  vols. 

Sketch  Book,  Irving's,  2  vols. 

Schoolcraft's  Indian  Tales  and  Lo« 
gends,  2  vols. 

School  and  Schoolmaster,  by  Emer- 
son. 

Stansbury's  Interest  Tables,  8vo. 
Thatcher's  Indian  Traits,  &c.  2  vola. 
The  Teacher  of  Health,  by  W.  S. 
Alcott. 

Totten's  Naral  Text  Berk  Svo. 
Townshend  s   facts  in  Mesmerism, 
12mo. 

Ten  Thousand  a  Year,  Svo. 
Talfourd's  (T.  Noon)  Miscellanies. 
Telemachus,  translation. 
Thirty  Years  from  Home. 
Two  Years  before  the  Mast. 
Tupper's    Proverbial  Philosopfiy, 
Svo. 

Tucker's  Light  of  Nature,  4  vols. 
Temperance  Tales  (Sargeant's),  6 
vols. 

Do.  do.  by  Mrb.  Ellis. 

The  Bookkeeper's  Atlas,  4to. 
Taylor's  Natural  History  of  Society, 
2  vols. 

The  Book  without  a  Name,  12mo. 
The  Old  Men's  Tales,  12mo. 
Tanner's  Universal  Atlas,  4to. 
Useful  Letter  Writer,  pocket. 
Universal      do.  12mo. 
United  Irishmen,  by  Madden,  2  vols. 
Useful  Arts,  2  vols.  12mo. 
Vicar  of  Wakefield,  pictorial  ed'n. 

Do.  do.        small  do. 

Virgil,  translation,  2  vols. 
Washington's  (George)  Writings,  12 

vols.,  edited  by  Jared  Sparks. 
Walpole's  (Horace)  Letters,  4  vols 
Do.  New  Letters,  2  vols.  8vn 


LEAVITT,  TROW  &  CO.'s  CATALOGUE,  191  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


i^oodfall's  Junius,  2  vols.  8vo. 

♦Vilson's  (Christopher  North)  Mis- 
cellanies, 3  vols. 

iVebster's  (Daniel)  Speeches,  3  vols. 
8vo. 

Wealth  and  Worth,  18mo. 
What's  to  be  Done  ?  J8mo. 
Winter  in  the  West  Indies,  ]2mo. 
Whispers  to  a  newly  married  pair. 
Word  to  Women,  by  Caroline  Fry. 
Woman  and  her  Master,  by  Lady 

Morgan,  2  vols. 
Woman's  Worth,  or.  Hints  to  raise 

the  Female  Character. 
Walker's  Anthropological  Works,  3 
vols. 

Do.  Manly  Exercises. 
Waverley  Novels,  27  vols. 

Do.         do.     5  vols.  8vo. 
Water  Cure,  or  Hydropathy,  by  Joel 

Shew. 

Wilson  s  American  Ornithology,  il- 
lustrated. 

Woman's  Mission,  12mo. 

Woman  as  she  should  be,  12mo. 

Wines'  Hints  on  Popular  Education. 
Do  do.  How  to  govern  my 
School. 

Woman  in  America. 

Wyatt's  Conchology,  8vo.,  plates. 


Wild  Sports  of  the  West,  2  vols. 
Wirt's  British  Spy,  l2n:io. 
Williston's  Eloquence  of  the  United 
States,  5  vols.  8vo.,  bound  in  calf, 
very  scarce. 
Webster's  Chemistry,  8vo. 
Wayland's  Political  Econoray,12mo. 
Do.    on  the  Collegiate  System, 
16mo. 

Xenophon,  translation,  8vo. 
Young's  Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrim* 
8vo. 

Youatt  on  the  Horse,  8vo. 

Do.    Every  man  his  own  Cattle 
Doctor. 

Young  Lady's  Friend,  by  Mrs.  Far- 
rar. 

Young  Man's  Own  Book. 
Young  Lady's  do. 
Young  Man's  Guide,  by  W.  A,  Al 


cott. 

Do.  Woman's  do.  do. 

Do.  Wife,  do. 

Do.  Mother,  do. 

Do.  Housekeeper,  do. 

Do.  Husband,  do. 


Young  Student,  by  Mad.  Guizot. 
Young  Man's  Aid,  by  Winslow 
Do.  Lady's  Companion. 


ELEGANT  LITERATURE. 

Always  on  hand  a  large  assortment  of  fine  works,  suitable  for  presents, 
consisting  in  part  of  beautiful  London  and  American  editions  of  the  Poet* 
richly  bound. 

A  GREAT  VARIETY  OF  BEAUTIFUL  MINIATURE  VOLUMES, 
Selections  from  the  Poets  and  other  authors. 

STANDARD  WORKS,  hc,  HANDSOMELY  BOUND,  ANNUAI^S, 

ILLUSTRATED  WORKS,  hc.^  &C. 
14 


LEAVITT,  TROW  &  CO.'s  CATALOGUE,  19  i  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


JUVENILE  BOOKS. 


An  endless  variety  of  Children's  Books.  Some  of  the  newest  and 
most  popular  are — 


Marco  Paul's  Adventures,  6  vols., 
by  the  Abbotts. 

The  Lucy  Books,  4  vols.,  by  do. 

The  Jonas  Books,  4  vols.,  by  do. 

The  Rollo  Books,  14  vols.,  by  do. 

Child's  Own  Story  Book. 

Puss  in  Boots,  illustrated. 

Very  Little  Tales  for  Very  Little 
Children,  2  vols. 

Otto  Speckter's  Fable  Book,  transla- 
ted by  Mary  Howitt,  100  plates. 

Parent's  Assistant,  by  Miss  Edge- 
worth. 

Evenings  at  Home,  by  Miss  Barbauld. 
Child  s  Delight,  colored  plates. 
Mary  Hewitt's  Juveniles,  uniform. 


Boys'  and  Girls'  Magazine,  3  vols, 
plates. 

Do.  do    Library,  do. 

Mrs.  Ellis's  Juvenile  Works. 

Capt.  Marryatt's  do 

Prize  Story  Book. 

Pictorial  Robinson  Crusoe. 

Do.         Vicar  of  Wakefield. 

Do.        History  of  Napoleon. 

Tales  for  the  People  and  their  Chil- 
dren ;  upwards  of  30  vols.,  by  the 
most  popular  authors. 

Juvenile  Annuals,  &c.,  &c.,  and 
very  many  others  too  numerous 
to  mention. 


MEDICAL  WORKS. 

Any  Medical  Works  in  the  market  furnished. 


THEOLOGICAL 

AND 

MISCELLANEOUS   UELIG-IOUS  BOOKS. 

The  paiticular  attention  of  Clergymen,  Theological  Students,  and 
persons  wanting  Religious  Works,  is  invited  to  this  department  of  our 
business. 

ALL  THE  TEXT-BOOKS  REQUISITE  FOR  A  THEOLOGICAL  EDUCATION. 


Appleton's  (Rev.  Jesse)  Works,  2 

vols.  8vo. 
Alexander's  Evidences  of  Christian- 

Do.    Commentary  on  Isaiah,  (in 
press.) 

Annals  of  the  Poor,  by  Legh  Rich- 
mond. 

Aids  to  Preaching  and  Hearing,  by 
Skinner. 

Alcott's  Sabbath  School  as  it  should 


Do.  My  progress  in  Error. 


Antioch,  by  Rev.  P.  Church. 

A  Church  without  a  Bishop,  by 

Coleman. 
A  Kempis,  of  the  Imitation  of  Christ. 
Abbott's  (Rev.  Jacob)  Young  Chris- 
tian. 

Do.  Corner  Stone. 
Do.  Way  to  do  Good. 
Do.  Teacher. 

Do.  Hoary  Head,  and  McDonner. 
Abbott's  (Rev.  John  S.  C.)  Child  at 
Home. 
Do.  Mother  at  Home. 


15 


.EAVITT,  TROW   &  CO.'s   CATALOGUE,  191    BROADWAY,  NEW-YOmK. 


Do.  Path  of  Peace. 
Do.  Christian  Duty. 

Are  you  a  Christian,  by  Winslow. 

Apostles'  Doctrine  and  Fellowship, 
five  sermons,  by  Bishop  Ives. 

Arguments  of  Romanists  Discussed 
and  Refuted,  by  James  H.  Thorn- 
well,  Prof  of  Sacred  Lit.  in  the 
South  Carolina  College — ^just  pub- 
lished. 

Alexander's   Advice   to   a  Young 
Christian. 

Do.  Counsels  to  the  Young. 
Advent,  a  Mystery,  by  Cox. 
Alleine's  Alarm  to  the  Unconverted. 
Baird's  Religion  in  America,  8vo. 
Bogatsky's  Golden  Treasury. 
Barnes'  Practical  Sermons,  12mo. 

Do.  Revival        do.  18mo. 

Do.  on  Episcopacy,  18mo. 
Baxter's  Practical  Works,  4  vols. 

Do.  Select  Works,  2  vols. 

Do.  Saints'  Rest,  Call,  &c. 
Bunyan's  Works,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Do.  Pilgrim's  Progress. 

Do.       do.  do.  splendid, 

illustrated  edition,  8vo. 
Burder's  Self  Discipline. 
Beecher's  Views  in  Theology. 
Booth's  Reign  of  Grace. 
Buck's  Religious  Anecdotes. 
Blair's  Sermons,  new  edition,  8vo. 
Barrow's  Works,  new  edition,  3  vols. 

8vo. 

Butler's  (Bp.)  Works,  Sermons,  and 
Analogy  of  Religion,  8vo. 

Burnet  on  the  Thirty-nine  Arti- 
cles. 

Bible  Expositor,  12mo,  70  plates. 
Bush  (^Prof )  on  the  Resurrection. 

Do.  on  the  Prophecies. 
Baxter's  (Richard)  Times  and  Writ 

ings,  2  vols.  8vo. 
Brownlee's  Christian  Youth's  Book. 

Do.    Christian  Father  at  Home 
Burdfjr's  Village  Sermons,  8vo. 
Boardman  on  Apostolical  Succession. 
Bickersteth  on  Prayer. 
Do        on  Baptism. 
Do.       on  the  Lord's  Supper. 
Do.       Family  Prayers,  12mo. 
Bradley's  Family  Sermons,  1  vol. 


Do.      Parish       do.  do. 

Do.  Family  and  Parish  do  do 
Biography  of  the  Saviour  and  his 

.Apostles,  plates. 
Brooks'  Mute  Christian. 
Burder's  Pleasures  of  Religion. 
Barnes'  Family  Prayers,  12mo. 
Blunt's    (Rev.    Henry)  Complete 

Works,  10  vols.  12mo.,  viz.  : 
Blunt's  Lectures  on  the  Life  of  Christ 


Do. 

do. 

do.  Abraham  and 

Jacob. 

Do. 

do. 

do,  Elisha. 

Do. 

do. 

do.  St.  Paul. 

Do. 

do. 

do.  St.  Peter  and 

the  39  Articles. 

Do. 

do. 

Seven  Churches. 

Do.  Family  Sermons. 

Do.  Posthumous  do. 

Do.  Reformation  in  England. 
Coleridge's  Aids  to  Reflection. 
Campbell  on  the  four  Gospels,  2  vols 
Clarke's  (Daniel  A.)  Sermons,  new 

edition,  2  vols. 
Christian  Retirement,  12mo. 

Do.    Experience,  12mo. 
Cheever  on  Capital  Punishment. 

Do.  Lectures    on    the  Pilgrim's 
Progress,  8vo.  plates. 

Do.  on  Hierarchy. 
Choules'  History  of  Missions,  2  voli 

quarto. 

Contributions  to  Church  History,  by 

Hawkes. 
Complete  Evangelist,  18mo. 
Clark's  (Dr.)  Walk  about  Zion. 

Do.    Pastor's  Testimony. 

Do.    Young  Disciple. 

Do.    Gathered  Fragments. 

Do.    Gleanings  by  the  Way. 
Chalmers'  Select  Works,  7  vs.  12mo, 

Do.  Sermons,  complete,  2  vs.  8vo 

Do.  Natural  Theology,  2  vols. 

Do.  Evidences  of  Christianity. 

Do.  Moral  and  Mental  Philosophy. 
Christkin  Year,  by  Keble 
Casket  of  Gems,  32mo.  gilt. 
Charlotte      Elizabeth's  Completf 
Works,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Do.    do.    do.      each  separately. 

Do.    do.    English  Martyrology. 
Claik  on  the  Promises,  32mo.  gilt. 
16 


LEAVITT,  TROW  &   CO.'s  CATALOGUE,   191   BROADWAY,    NEW  YORK. 


Cliurch  Discipline,  18mo. 
Church  Member's  Guide. 
Congregational  Order,  complete. 
Confession  of  Faith,  18mo. 
Campbell  arj  1  Fenelon  on  Pulpit 

Eloquence. 
Cecil's  Character  and  Remains. 
Calvin's  Institutes  of  the  Christian 

Religion,  2  vols. 
Charnock's  Discourses  upon  the  At 

tributes  of  God,  2  vols. 
Christian  Consistency. 
Communicant's  Companion,  by  Hen- 

Constitutional  History  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  in  America,  8vo. 

Coleman's  Primitive  Church. 
Do.      Christian  Antiquities. 

Comfort  in  Affliction,  Buchanan. 

Christ  our  Example,  by  Caroline  Fry. 

Christ  our  Law,  do. 

Cogswell's  Manual  of  Theology. 
Do.      Theological  Class  Book. 

Chillingworth  s  Works,  1  vol.  8vo. 

Christian  Doctrine,  by  Rev.  Hubbard 
Winslow. 

Chickeringon  the  Decalogue. 

Church  Dictionary,  Stanton's. 

Domestic  and  Religious  Offering. 


DufSeld  on  the  Prophecies 

Do.  Reply  to  Stuart. 
Dick's  Christian  Philosopher. 

Do.  Philosophy  of  Future  State, 
Doddridge's  Rise  and  Progress. 

Do.       on  Preaching. 
Davies'  Sermons,  3  vols. 
Dick's  Lectures  on  Theology,  2  voI«, 
D'Aubigne's  Reformation,  3  vols. 

Do.  do.         1  vol. 

Dwight's   Sermons   on  Theology, 
4  vols. 

Do.  do.  2  vols. 

Drew  on  the  Resurrection. 
Daily  Manna,  32mo.  gilt. 
Daily  Food,48mo.  gilt. 
Drelingcourt  on  Death. 
De  Wette  on  the  Old  Testament, 

translated  by  Parker,  2  vols. 
Divine  Contentment,  18mo. 

Do.  Conduct,  by  Flavel. 
Discourses  on  Christ  Crucified. 
Dying  Thoughts,  by  Crawford. 
Decapolis,  by  Ford. 
Day  on  the  Freedom  of  the  Will. 
Day's  Review  of  Edwards  on  the 

Will. 

Discourses  on  Regeneration,  Char- 
nock. 


EDWARDS'  WORKS, 

New  Edition,  in  4  Vols.,  8vo. 

The  Complete  Works  of  President  Edwards,  a  reprint  of  the  Worcester  edition, 
with  valuable  additions,  and  a  copious  general  Index  never  before  published. 

"  The  value  of  this  edition  is  greatly  increased  by  a  Table  of  Contents 
in  each  volume,  and  a  copious  General  Index. 

The  writings  of  President  Edwards  need  no  recommendations  from 
me ;  but  I  have  thought  it  proper  to  give  this  testimony  to  the  high  value 
of  this  edition,  and  to  assure  Ministers  of  the  Gospel,  Theological  Stu- 
dents, and  all  others,  that  they  may  have  full  confidence  in  the  care  and 
fidelity  of  those  who  have  conducted  the  business  of  this  important  publica- 
tion, and  in  the  correctness  with  which  they  have  accomplished  their 
undertaking. 

LEONARD  WOODS. 
Theological  Seminary,  Andovc  ,  Dec.  15,  1842." 

"I  cheerfully  concur  with  Dr.  Woods  in  the  recommendation  he  has 
given  Mr  LeavitVs  Edition  of  Edwards )  and  only  add,  that  in  my  hum- 

17 


LEAVITT,  TRCW   &   CO.'s   CATALOGUE,  191  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


ble  judgment,  it  is  a  work  not  le3s  important  to  intelligent  laywen  than  to 
theological  students. 

GARDINER  SPRING 

Mw-York,  March,  1843  " 

The  Rev.  Edward  Robinsoit,  D.  D.,  in  No.  2  of  his  Bibliotheca  Sacra, 
is  pleased  to  write  and  insert  the  following  notice  : 

extract. 

"  The  publication  before  us  is  a  careful  reprint  of  the  Worcester  edi* 
t  on,  with  important  additions.  It  is  in  four  moderate  volumes  8vo.,  on 
large  fair  type  and  good  paper,  handsomely  bound  in  sheep  or  cloth.  But 
the  distinguishing  feature  of  this  edition,  and  one  which  gives  it  a  value 
above  all  others,  is  its  extensive  General  Index.  This  supplies  a  want 
which  has  long  been  felt,  but  which  no  one  heretofore  has  ever  under- 
taken to  remedy. 

"  It  is  right  to  congratulate  the  religious  public,  that  they  now  have 
access  to  the  works  of  this  greatest  of  American  divines,  in  a  form  so 
cheap,  so  convenient,  and  so  permanent.  This  edition  cannot  but  take  ita 
place  for  generations  to  come  as  the  standard  copy.  Clergymen  and  lay- 
men may  now  have  the  whole  works  of  Edwerds,  as  readily  as  they  have 
other  books.  Would  they  but  also  read  them,  and  spread  them  far  and 
wide  ;  and  so  best  counteract  the  tendencies  of  the  cheap  and  trashy  read- 
ing of  the  present  day  !  Edwards  was  a  missionary ;  and  what  should 
hinder  liberal  men,  or  a  liberal  man,  from  placing  a  copy  of  his  works  in 
the  hands  of  every  missionary  who  has  gone  forth  from  his  land,  either 
to  foreign  climes  or  to  our  own  far  west.''  How  w^ould  thus  his  mighty 
influence  be  spread  abroad,  and  act  with  still  more  directness  upon  th<i 
conversion  of  the  world  !" 


Edwards  on  the  Will,  12mo. 
Do.         on  Redemption. 
Do.         on  Affections. 
Edwards,  (The  Younger,)  Works,  2 

vols.,  8vo. 
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Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Do. 


Do. 


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20 


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Porter's  Lectures  on  Eloquence  and 

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Folsom  on  the  Prophecies  of  Daniel. 
Faber  on  Romanism. 
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23 


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Eusebius's  Church  History. 

Coleman's  Christian  Antiquities. 

Storr  &  Flatt's  Elements  of  Theol- 
ogy- 

Palmer's  Church  History.  2  vols. 


Geisler's  Text  Book  of  Ecclesiastical 

History,  in  3  vols.  8vo. 
Prideaux's  Connections,  2  vols. 
Hengstenberg's  Christology  of  the 

Old  and  New  Testaments,  2  vols. 
Milman's  History  of  Christianity. 
Stowe's  Introduction  to  the  study  of 

the  Bible. 
Hug's  Introduction  to  the  Writings 

of  the  New  Testament. 
Jones's  Church  History,  2  vols.,  8vo. 
Davidson's  Connexions  between  Sa 

cred  and  Profane  History,  3  vols. 
Shuckford's  Connexions  do.  4  vols. 


Robinson  s  Gesenius's  Hebrew  and  Winer's  Idioms  of  the  Old  and  New 


English  Lexicon,  new  edition 
Robinson's  Greek  and  English  Lex- 
icon. 

Nordhsimer's    Hebrew  Grammar, 
2  vols. 

Nordheimer's  Chrestomathy. 
Habn's  Hebrew  Bible. 
Stuart's  Hebrew  Grammar. 
Stuart's  Hebrew  Chrestomathy. 
Stuart's  New  Test.  Greek  Grammar. 
Sti  art's  Greek  Accents. 


Testaments. 

Bloomfield's  Greek  Test ,  2  vols. 

Hahn's  Greek  Testament,  edited  by 
Dr.  Robinson. 

Gibbs's  Manual,  Hebrew  Lexicon. 

Rigg's  Chaldee  Manual. 

Gesenius's  Hebrew  Grammar,  8vo., 
translated  from  the  eleventh  Ger- 
man edition,  byT.  J.  Conant. 

Hahn's  Hebrew  Bible,  8vo. 

Greek  Testament  and  Lexicon,  32inQ 


24 


LEAtltt,  TROW  &  CO.'S  CATALOGUE,  19     BROADWAT,  NEW-YORK. 


BIBLE  COMMENTARIES. 


Scott'a  Family  Commentary  on  the 
Bible,  6  vols.,  8vo. 
Do.       do.       do.    3  vols.,  8vo. 
Do.       do.       do.    5    "  4to. 

Matthew  Henry's  Commentary  on  the 
Bible,  6  vols.,  8vo. 

Adam  Clarke's  Commentary  on  the 
Bible,  6  vols.,  royal  8vo. 
Do.  do.     on  the  New  Testa- 

ment, 1  vol. 

The  Family  Commentary,  2  vols,,  8vo., 
100  plates. 

Benson's  Commentary,  5  vols.,  8vo. 

Bush's  Notes  on  tlie  Bible,  7  vols.,  viz  : 
Genesis  2  vols.,  Exodus  2  vols.,  Le- 
viticus, Joshua,  and  Judges. 


The  Cottage  Bible,  2  vols. 
Comprehensive  Commentary,  6  vols., 
royal  8vo. 

Do.       do.      do.    Baptist  edition. 

Patrick,  Lowth,  &  Whitby's  Commen- 
tary, just  published,  4  vols.,  royal  8vo. 

Doddridsfo's  Fam.ily  Expositor,  1  vol., 
8vo. 

Bush's  Scripture  Illustrations. 
D'Oyley  &  Mants'  Commentary,3  vols., 
4to. 

Lowth  on  Isaiah,  1  vol.,  8vo. 
Alexander  on  Isaiah,  2  vols.,  8vo.,  in 
press. 

Barnes'  Notes  on  Isaiah,  3  vols.,  8vo., 
with  maps. 


Barnes'  Notes  on  Job. 

2  vols.,  12mo.,  3d  edition. 
Notes,  Critical,  Illustrative  and  Practical,  on  the  Book  of  Job,  with  a  new 
Translation  and  an  Introductory  Dissertation.    By  Albert  Barnes,  author  of 
Notes  on  the  Gospels,  &c. 

[From  the  N.  Y.  Observer.] 
"The  more  we  read  them  the  more  we  value  them,  for  the  clearness  of  their 
illustration,  the  wonderful  research  and  industry  with  which  they  are  elaborated, 
and  the  interest  with  which  they  are  invested  by  the  antiquity,  sublimity,  and 
peculiarity  of  the  book  which  they  explore." 

[From  the  N.  Y.  Evangelist.] 
"  We  shall  be  much  mistaken  if  it  does  not  rank,  in  the  judgment  of  scholars, 
both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  not  only  as  the  most  successful  of  the  labors 
of  Mr.  Barnes  in  this  line,  but  as  one  of  the  happiest  efforts  of  Bible  criticism, 
of  acute  and  learned  exposition,  that  has  lately  appeared.  It  is  a  most  able, 
useful,  and  creditable  work." 


Barnes'  Notes  on  the  New  Testament, 
9  vols.,  viz. :  Gospels  2  v.,  Acts,  Ro- 
mans, 1st  Corinthians,  2d  Corinth- 
ians, Galatians,  Ephesians,  Colos- 
sians,  Philippians,  Thessalonians, 
Timothy,  Titus,  and  Hebrews. 

Chalmer's  Lectures  on  Romans. 

Tholuck's       do.  do. 
Do.  do.        St.  John. 

Dick's  do.  Acts. 

Abbott's  Notes  on  the  New  Testament. 

Luther  on  Galatians. 

Townsend's  Chronological  Bible,  2 
vols.,  royal  8vo. 

De  Wette  on  the  Old  Testament,  2  vols., 
8vo. 

Hengstenberg's  Christology  of  the  Old 
Testament,  3  vols  ,  8vo. 
Do.         do.    Books  of  Moses. 


25 


Home  on  the  Psalms. 

Bible  Expositor,  plates. 

Stuart's  Commentary  on  the  Hebrews, 

1  vol.,  8vo. 

Do.         do.    Romans,  1,  8vo. 
Do.         do.    Revelations,  2,  8vo. 
Burkitt's  Notes  on  the  New  Testament, 

2  vols.,  8vo. 

Ripley's  Notes  on  the  Gospels,  2  vols. 

Do.       do.  Acts,  1  vol. 

Bridge  on  the  cxix.  Psalm. 
McCrie  on  Esther. 

Livermore's  Com.  on  the  Gospels,  2  v. 

Do.  do.  Acts. 

Campbell  on  the  Four  Gospels,  2  vols., 

8vo. 

Tyndale's  New  Testament. 
Sales'  Koran,  2  vols  ,  8vo. 
McKnight  on  the  Epistles,  1  vol.,  8vo. 


LEAVITT,  TROW   &  CO.'s   CATALOGUE,  191  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


BIBLE  DICTIONARIES,  CONCORDANCES,  &,C. 


EncyclopaBdia  of  Religious  Knowledge, 

1  vol.,  royal  8vo. 
Robinson's  Calmet's  Bible  Dictionary, 

royal  8vo. 

Do.      do.    abridged,  12mo. 
Union  Bible  Dictionary,  8vo. 

Do.        do.  IBmo. 
Brown's  Bible  Dictionary.  I 


Brown's  Concordance. 
Butterworth's  Concordance. 
Cruden's  do.        royal  8vo. 

Do.  do.        email  8vo.  ed. 

Do.  do.       miniature  ed. 

Companion  to  the  Bible,  embracing 
Concordance,  Chronological  Table, 
I     Scripture  Biography,  &c.,  &c. 


CHURCH  HYMN  BOOKS. 


Worcester's  Watts  and  Select  Hymns, 

12mo.,  18mo.,  and  32mo. 

Do.  do.  elegantly  bound. 
Church  Psalmist,  3  sizes. 
Church  Psalmody,  do. 
Manual  of  Psalmody,  do. 
Christian  Psalmist,  do. 
Dutch  Reformed  Church  Psalms  and 

Hymns,  3  sizes. 
Parish  Psalmody,  3  sizes. 
The  Psalmist,  do. 
Watts  &  Rippon,  do. 


Assembly's  Psalms  and  Hymns,  3  sizes. 

Watts'  Psalms  and  Hymns. 

Baptist  Harmony. 

Dossey's  Choice. 

Mercer's  Cluster. 

Zion's  Songster. 

Methodist  Hymns,  different  sizes. 
Psalms  and  Hymns  by  the  General 

Association  of  Connecticut. 
Dwight's  Psalms  and  Hymns. 

Supplement  to  do. 
Village  Hymns,  3  sizes. 


BIBLES  AND  PRAYER  BOOKS. 

Pulpit  Folio  Bible,  elegantly  bound  in  Turkey  morocco — gilt. 
Quarto  Bibles,  royal  and  medium,  elegantly  bound,  in  Turkey  morocco,  gilt 
and  velvet. 

Octavo  Bibles,  do.  do.— elegant  pocket  editions  of  the  Bible, 

and  splendidly  bound  in  morocco  and  velvet,  with  and  without  clasps. 

Prayer  Books,  of  all  sizes  from  Q,uarto  to  the  miniature  48mo.,  bound  in  the 
richest  style,  morocco  and  velvet,  with  and  without  clasps. 

CHEAP  QUARTO  BIBLES, 

For  sale  by  the  quantity,  suitable  for  the  Country  trade. 
CHEAP  POCKET  BIBLES  AND  TESTAMENTS. 

CHEAP  PRAYER  BOOKS. 

26 


LEAVITT,  TROW   &  CO.'s   CATALOGUE,   191   BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


SCHOOL  BOOKS. 

School  Books  by  the  hundred,  dozen,  or  single  copy. 

COUNTRY  MERCHANTS,  TEACHERS, 

and  all  others,  will  find  it  to  their  advantage  to  give  us  a  call,  as  we  have  always 
on  hand  large  supplies  of  all  the  School  Books,  English  and  Classical,  in  demand, 
from  those  used  in  the  first  primary  classes,  to  those  used  in  the  highest  depart- 
ments of  Academies  and  Colleges. 

PAPER  AND  QUILLS. 


PRIMERS. 


New  York  Primer. 

Parley's  do. 

Worcester's  do. 

Infant  School  do. 

United  States  do. 

Christmas  do. 

Infant's  first  do. 

Cobb's  do. 

Evangelical  do. 

Tower's  Gradual  Primer, 

Young  American's  do. 

Toy  Books  of  all  the  different  sizes. 


Emerson's  Progressive  Primer. 

Sanders'  do. 

The  Picture  do. 

Beniley's  Pictorial  do. 

National      do.  do. 

The  Southern  do. 

"  New  England  do. 

"  Mother's  do. 

Illuminated  Amer.  do. 
Picture  Alphabet. 
Colored  Toy  Books. 
School  Rewards. 


BABCOCK'S  ELEGANT  TOY  BOOKS, 
J¥os.  1,  3,  3  and  4. 


SPELLING  BOOKS. 


Town's  Spelling  Book. 

Sanders'    do.  do. 

Webster's  Elementary  Spelling  Book. 

Do.        Pictorial  do. 

Do.        American  do. 
Comley's  Spelling  Book. 
Parley's      do.  do. 
Cobb's        do.  do. 

Do.  New  do.  do. 
New- York  do.  do. 
Russell's     do.  do. 

Do.  sequel  to  do. 
Dilworth's  SpelUng  do. 
Mavor's  do.  do. 
Worcester's  do.  d&. 


Emerson's  Old  National  Spelling  Book. 

Do.        New  do. 

do. 

Bentley's  Pictorial 

do. 

Gallaudet's 

do. 

Picket's  Juvenile, 

do. 

Chapin's 

do. 

Marshall's 

do. 

Eclectic 

do. 

Fowle's 

do. 

Hazen's  Speller  and  Definer. 

87 


Do.      Symbolical  Spelling  Book, 
parts  1,  and  2. 
BoUes'  Spelhng  Book. 
Gummere's  do. 
Tower's  Gradual  Speller. 


THE  ENGLISH  SPELLING  BOOK. 

Being  the  first  of  a  Series  of  Books  for  Common  Schools,  in  course  of  prepa- 
ration by  an  Association  of  eminent  and  literary  men  in  the  this  City. 


LEAVITT,  TROW   &  CO.'S   CATALOGUE,  19»     BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


READING  BOOKS. 


Town's  ReaderSj  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 
Cobb's  Juvenile  Readers,  Nos.  1,  2, 
and  3. 

Do.  New  do.       do.       Nos.  1,  2, 

3,  4,  and  5. 
Sanders'  Readers,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4. 
Emerson's  Ist,  2d,  3d,  and  4th  Class 
Readers. 

Swan's  Readers,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  and  5. 
Pierpont's  Series, — viz  : 

American  First  Class  Book. 

National  Reader, 

Introduction  to  do. 

Young  Reader, 

Little  Learner. 
Kay's  Infant  and  Primary  School  Se- 
ries, 1,  2,  and  3. 
Goodrich's  Readers,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4. 
New  York  Reader,  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 
Eclectic  Readers,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4. 
Murray's  English  Reader. 

Do.  Sequel  to  do. 
Alger's  Murray's  English  Reader, 

Do.      do.    Introduction  to  do. 
Lovell's  Young  Pupil's  1st  and  2d 

Book. 
Village  Reader. 
Intelligent  do. 
Child's  Guide. 
Porter's  Rhetorical  Reader. 
Stone's       do.  do. 
Parker's      do.  do. 
Knowles'     do.  do. 
Olney's  National  Preceptor. 

Do.    Easy  Reader. 

Do.    School  do. 
Angell's  Union  Series,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4, 

5,  and  6. 


Worcester's  1st,  2d,  3d,  and  4th  Book 
Sigourney's  Boys'  Reading  Book. 

Do.  Girls'      do.  do. 

Do.  Pictorial  Reader. 

Do.  Child's  Book. 

Mount  Vernon  Readers. 
Edwards'  Eclectic  Reader: 
Bentley's  Pictorial  do. 
Young  Ladies'  do. 
Hart's  Class  Book  of  Prose. 

Do.        do.  Poetry. 
Amer.  Common-place  Book  of  Prose. 

Do.  do.         do.  Poetry. 

Do.  Popular  Lessons. 
Introduction  to  do. 
Sequel  to  do. 
Fowle's  Dialogues  and  Discussions. 
Leavitt's  Easy  Lessons. 
Southern  Reader,  1,  and  2. 
Young  Ladies'  Class  Book. 
Southern  1st  do. 
Grigg  iSc  Elliott's  new  series  of  Com- 
mon School  Readers,  Nos.  1,  2,  3, 

and  4. 

Russell's  Amer.  Com.  School  Reader. 

Do.      Primary   do.  do. 

Do.      Young 'Ladies'  Elocutionary 
Reader. 

Do.    Introduction  to  do. 
The  School  Friend. 
Hall's  Reader's  Guide, 

Do.    do.  Manual. 

Do.  Primary  Reader. 
Tower's  Gradual  Reader. 

Do.    Introduction  to  do. 
Post's  United  States  Reader. 
Putnam's  Analytical  Reader. 

Do.    Sequel  to  do. 


ELOCUTION. 


Corastock's  Elocution. 

Caldwell's  do. 

Russell's  Young  Ladies'  Elocution. 

Do.    Introduction  to  do. 
Murdoch  &  Russell's  do. 
Maury's  Principles  of  Eloquence. 
Lovell's  United  States  Speaker. 

Do.     Young  do. 

Do.     School  Dialogues. 
Frost's  American  Speaker. 
Stone's  Rhetorical  do. 
Bronson's  Elocution. 


Vandenhoffs  Elocution. 
Knowles'  do. 
Sweet's  do. 
Clagget's  do. 
Kirkham's  do. 
Barber's  Elocutionist. 
Russell  on  Enunciation  and  Gesture. 
Sewell's  Classical  Speaker. 
Blake's  Young  Orator. 
Fowle's  Common  School  Speaker. 
Do.  do.  Dialogues. 

39 


LEATITT,  TROW  &  CO.'s  CATALOGUE,  191  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


ARITHMETIC. 


tDavies'  Arithmetic. 

Do.  First  Lessons  in  Arithmetic. 
tSmith's  Arithmetic. 

tDo.  New  do. 

Do.  Introductory  do. 
Emerson's  1st  Part  Arithmetic. 

tDo.       2d  do. 

+Do.       3d  do. 
Welch's 
Leonard's 
Baldwin's 
Olney's 

tThompson's  Pract 
Do.  Menti 
Ruger's 
Jess's 
Tracy's 

tVogdes'  United  Sta 

Do.      do.  Prim 
Cobb's 
Willett's 
tDaboU's 

Do.  New 
t  Pike's 

Do.  Large 


tSmiley's 
tAdams' 
Do. 

Colburn's  Mental 
tDo.  Sequel 
tGreenleaf  s  National 


Arithmetic, 
do. 
do. 
do. 


do. 


do. 

Do.    Introduction  to 

do. 

do. 

Do.  Mental 

do. 

do. 

Perkins'  Elementary 

do. 

do. 

Do.  Higher 

do. 

do. 

tSmith  &  Duke's 

do. 

do. 

Do.    Introduction  to 
tNeeley's  American 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Parley's 
Keith's 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Green's 

do. 

do. 

Barr's  New 

do. 

do. 

Tracy's 

do. 

do. 

Cruttenden's  Systematic  do. 

do. 

Do.    Introduction  to 

do. 

do. 

Walsh's 

do. 

do. 

Mount  Vernon 

do. 

do. 

tChase's  Elements  of 

do. 

do. 

Ryan's 

do. 

do. 

12mo. 
18mo. 


t  Marked  thus  can  be  obtained  with  key. 


GRAMMAR. 


Smith's  Grammar. 
Bullion's  do. 

Do.     Practical  Lessons  in  do. 
Parker's  Grammar,  parts  1,  2,  and  3. 
Comley's  Grammar. 
Hazen's  do. 
Murray's  do. 

Do.  First  Lines  in  do. 

Do.  Exercises. 

Do.  Sequel. 
Alger's  Murray's  do. 

Do.      do.  Exercises. 
Frazee's  do. 


Kirkham*s 
Frost's 
Greenleaf's 
Hart's 
Ingersoll's 
De  Sacy's 
Garden's 
Brown's 


Grammar, 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


Do.    First  Lines  in  do. 

Do.  Key  to  do. 
Fowle's  do. 
Pond's  Murray's  do. 


GEOGRAPHY. 


Mitchell's  Geography  and  Atlas. 
Do.      Primary  Geography. 
Do.      High  School  Geography  and 

Atlas,  in  press. 
Do.      Outline  Maps. 
Do.      Key  to  do, 
Do.      Geographical  Reader. 


Smith's  Geography  and  Atlas. 

Do.    Primary  Geography. 
Olney's  Geography  and  Atlas. 

Do.    Introduction  to  do. 
Huntington's  Geography  and  Atlas. 
Maltebrun's         do.  do. 
Adams*  do.  do. 

30 


J.EAV1TT,  TROW  &  CO.'s    CATALOOtJK,  lb  I  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


Fowle's  Geography. 

Field's  do. 

Boston  School  Atlas. 

Worcester's  Geography  and  Atlas. 

Morse's  do. 

Parley's  do. 

National  do. 

Village  School  do. 

Hall's  Child's  do. 


Woodbridge  &  Willard's  Geography 

and  Atlas. 
Hart's  do. 
Woodbridge's  New  do. 
Goldsmith's  Geographical  View  of  the 

World. 

Smiley' 8  Geography  and  Atlas. 
Willett's         do.  do. 
Brinsmade's  Geography. 


Mitchell's  Ancient  Geography  <&  Atlas. 
Butler's        do.  do. 

Do.  do.  Atlas. 

Willard's      do.  Geography. 


Willard's  Ancient  Atlas. 

Worcester's    Ancient   Classical  and 

Scripture  Geography  and  Atlas. 
Robinson's  Scripture  Geography. 


HISTORY. 


Willard's  History  of  the  United  States, 
8vo. 

Do.         do.  Schooled. 
Do.     Universal  History,  8vo. 
Frost's  History  of  the  U.  States,  12mo. 

Do.         do.  do.  l8mo. 

Wilson's  do.  do. 
Hale's  do.  do. 
Bancroft's   do.  do.  abridged. 

Davenport's  do.  do. 
White's  Universal  History. 
Tytler's      l'o.         do.    2  vols. 

Do.    Elemtits  of  do.  12mo. 
Grimshaw's  History  of  the  U.  States. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


(Questions  to  above. 
Ancient  and 


England. 
Rome. 
Greece. 
France. 


Modern 


Worcester's 

History. 
Sacred  History  for  Schools. 
Robinson's  History  of  England. 
Child's  United  States. 
Olney's      do.  do. 
Goodrich's  do.  do. 

Do.        Questions  to  do. 
Emerson's  United  States. 
Parley's  Common  School  History. 

Do.     Universal  do. 

Do.     History  of  the  World. 

Do.     1st,  2d,  and  3d  Books  of  His- 
tory. 

Do.  America, 
Africa,  l6mo. 
Goldsmith's  History  of  Greece. 

Do.  do.  Rome. 

Pinnock's  Goldsmith's  Greece. 

Do.  do.  Rome. 

Do.  do.  England. 


Europe,  Asia,  and 


Emerson's  Outlines  of  History. 
Brackenbridge's  Late  War. 
Barber's  General  History. 
Lardner's  Outlines  of  History. 
Miiller's  Universal  His'y,  4  vols.,  12mo, 
Keightley's  History  of  Greece. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Russell's 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


Rome. 
Roman  Empire. 
England. 
United  States. 
England-. 
France. 

Greece  &  Rome. 


Guizot's  History  of  Civilization. 

Do.         do.      English  Revolution. 
Taylor's  Manual  of  Ancient  and  Mod- 
ern History,  8vo. 
Arnold's  Lectures  on  Modern  History. 
Michelet's  History  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire, for  Schools. 
Schmidt's  History  of  Rome. 
Whelpley's  Compend. 
Robbins'  Outlines  of  History. 
Robbins'  (Miss)  Grecian  History. 
Do.      English  do. 
Do.      Scripture  do. 
Outlines  of  Sacred  History. 
Goodrich's  Eccl.  do. 
Heeren's  Ancient  Greece. 
Goodrich's  Pictorial  History  of  the 
United  States. 


do.  France, 

do.  England, 

do.  Greece, 

do.  Rome. 


31 


Do.  do. 
Do.  do. 
Do.  do. 
Do.  do. 
Outline  Series,  viz  : 
OutHnes  of  American  History. 
Do.        English  do. 
Do.         Roman  do. 
Do.        Grecian  do. 


LEAVITT,  TROW  &  CO.*S  CATALOGUE,  191  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


MATHEMATICS. 


tDavies^  First  Lessons  in  Algebra. 

Do.      do.      do.  Geometry. 

Do.       Practical  do. 

Do.       Legendre's  do. 

Do.      Analytical  do. 

Do.       Descriptive  do. 

Do.      Bourdon's  Algebra. 

Do.      Diff.  and  Integral  Calculus. 

Do.  Surveying. 

Do.       Shades  and  Shadows. 
tBonnycastle's  Algebra. 

tDo.  Mensuration. 
tGrund's  Algebra. 

Do.  Geometry. 
Holbrook's  do. 
Smith  &  Biot's  Analytical  do. 

Do.  &  Duke's  Algebra. 
Perkins'  Elementary  do. 

Do.     Higher  do. 
tColburn's  do. 
tTower's  Intellectual  do. 
Playfair's  Euclid. 
Simson's  do. 
tDay's  Algebra. 

tDo.    do.  abridged. 

Do.  Trigonometry. 

Do.  Mensuration. 

Do.  Surveying. 

Do.  Mathematics. 

Do.  Legendre's  Geometry,  abridged. 
Bridge's  Conic  Sections. 
tBridge's  Algebra. 
Harvey's  do. 
Clark's  do. 
Flint's  Surveying. 
Gibson's  do. 

t  Marked  thus  can  be 


tGummere's  Surveying. 
tBailey's  Algebra. 
Ryan's  do. 
Williams'  do. 
Totten's  do. 
tSherwin's  do. 
Smyth's  do. 
Pierce's  do. 
Do.  Geometry. 

Do.    Curves,  Functions,  and  Mo- 
tions, 3  vols.,  viz : 
vol.  1,  Analytical  Geom.  and  Diff. 
Calculus. 
"  2.  Integral  Calculus  and  Analyt- 
ical Mechanics. 
"  3.  Application   to  Physics  and 
Astronomy. 
Do.  Trigonometry. 
Do.    Treatise  on  Sound. 
Introduction  to  Geometry  and  Science 

of  Forms. 
Church's  Calculus. 
McCartey's  do. 
Nulty's  Geometry. 
Elements  of  do. 
Hackley's  Trigonometry. 
Bartlett's  Optics. 
Brewster's  do. 
Kendall's  Walker's  Geome^y. 
Walker's  do. 
Young's  Algebra. 
Do.     Analytical  Geometry. 
Do.     Integral  Calculus. 
Do.  Trigonometry. 
Do.  Mechanics. 

obtained  with  key. 


Mahan's  Civil  Engineering. 
Engineer's  Pocket  Book. 

Do.        Text  do. 
Boncharlat's  Mechanics. 
Renwick's  do. 


Lardner  on  Steam  Engine. 
Renwick         do.  do. 
Hodge  do.  do. 

Millwright's  Guide. 


NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY. 


Olmsted's  Philosophy,  8vo. 

Do.       School  edition,  12mo. 

Do.       Rudiments,  18mo. 
Comstock's  Philosophy. 

Do.  do.  abridged. 

Coates'  Philosophy. 

Do.    First  Lessons  in  do. 
Euler's  Philosophy. 
Grund's  do. 
Parker's  do. 
Phelps*  do. 


Philosophy  for  Beginners. 
Johnson's  Moffatt's  Philosophy. 
Gale's  do. 
Jones'  do. 
Coffin's  do. 
Blake's  do. 
Swift's  1st  Lessons  in  do. 

Do.   *2d      do.  do. 

Do.  Outlines  of  do. 
Renwick's  do. 


32 


LKAVITT,  TROW   &  CO.'s  CATALOGUE,  194  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


MORAL  PHILOSOPHY. 


Upham's  Mental  Philosophy,  2  vols. 
Do.         do.         do.  abridged. 
Do.     on  the  Will. 

Cousin's  Psychology. 

Rauch's  do. 

Combe's  Moral  Philosophy. 

Smellies'  Philosophy  of  Natural  His- 
tory. 

Paley's  Natural  Theology,  illustrated 
edition. 


Locke's  Essays  on  the  Understanding. 
Fergus'  Class  Book  of  Nat'l  Theology. 
Abercrombie's  Intellectual  Philosophy. 

Do.  Moral  do. 

Stewart's  Philosophy  of  the  Mind. 
Schmucker's  Mental  Philosophy. 
Sawyer's          do.  do. 
Paley's  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy. 
Parkhurst's  Moral  do. 


CHEMISTRY. 


Johnston's  Turner's  Chemistry. 
Turner's  Chemistry,  new  edition,  Svo. 
Kane's  Chemistry. 
Johnson's  Moffat t's  Chemistry. 
Conversations  on  do. 
Elements  of  do. 
Comstock's  do. 

Do.        Young  Chemist. 
Greene's  First  Lessons  in  Chemistry. 

Do.  Second  do.  do. 
Liebig's  Animal  do. 

Do.     Agricultural  do. 


Beck's  Chemistry. 
Renwick's  do. 
Smith's 
Jones' 
Grund's 
Silliman's 
Phelps' 


do. 
do. 
do. 

do.  in  press, 
do. 


Chemistry  for  Beginners. 
Gray's  Chemistry. 
Towne's  do. 
Webster's  do. 


RHETORIC  AND  LOGIC. 


Jamieson's  Rhetoric. 

Do.  Logic. 
Whateley's  Rhetoric. 

Do.  Logic. 
Tappan's  do. 
Boyd's  Rhetoric. 
Mills'  Logic. 

Do.  Blair's  Rhetoric. 


Hedge's  Logic. 

Blair's  Rhetoric,  University  edition. 

Do.      do.      18mo.  School  do. 
Newman's  Rhetoric. 
True's  Logic. 
Parker's  do. 

Campbell's  Philosophy  of  Rhetoric. 


ASTRONOMY. 


Olmsted's  Astronomy,  8vo. 

Do.         do.     Mason's  Supt.  Svo. 

Do.     School  Astronomy. 

Do.  Rudiments. 
Norton's  Astronomy,  new  edition. 
Grund's  Astronomy. 
Cambridge  do. 
Elements  of  do. 
Outlines  of  do. 

Burritt's  Geography  and  Atlas  of  the 

Heavens. 
Gummere's  Astronomy. 
Walker's  do. 
Olmsted's  Letters  on  do. 


33 


Kendall's  Uranography. 

Do.  First  Book  of  Astronomy. 
Guy  iSi  Keith's  Astronomy. 
Ryan's  do. 
Blake's  do. 
Herschell's  do. 
Vose's  School  do. 
Clarke's  Elements  of  do. 
Astronomy  for  Beginners. 
Wilkins'  Astronomy. 
Parley's  Sun,  Moon,  and  Stars. 
Dick's  Practical  Astronomer. 

Do.  Celestial  Scenery. 

Do.  Sidereal  Heavens. 


LEAVITT,  TROW  &  CO.'s  CATALOGUE,  191  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


BOTANY,  GEOLOGY,  MINERALOGY.  SLCn 


Lincoln's  Botany. 
Botany  for  Beginners. 
Comstock's  Botany. 

Do.         Young  Botanist. 

Do.  Geology. 

Do.  Mineralogy. 

Do.  Physiology. 
Oliver's  do. 
Lyell's  Geology. 
Eaton  &  Wright's  Botany. 
Wood's  do. 
Blake's  do. 
Outlines  of  do. 
Gray's  Botanical  Text  Book. 
Bakewell's  Geology. 


American 
Hitchcock's 
Mather's 
Lee's 
De  La  Beche's 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 

do. 


Anatomy  and  Physiology  for  Schools. 


Coates'  School  Physiology. 

Do.  First  Lessons  in  do. 
Hay  ward's  OutUnes  of  do. 
Elements  of  do. 
Jane  Taylor's  do. 
Griscom's  1st  Lessons  in  do. 
Smith's  Class  Book  of  Anatomy. 
Dana's  Mineralogy. 
Shepard's  do. 
Lee's  Physiology. 
Ruschenberger's  Series,  viz : 
Elements  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology. 

Do.  Mammalogy. 

Do.  Ornithology. 

Do.  Herpetology  and  Ichthy- 

ology. 

Do.  Conchology. 

Do.  Entomology. 

Do.  Botany. 

Do.  Geology. 
Alger's  Phillips'  Mineralogy. 


MUSIC  BOOKS. 


The  Young  Choir. 

The  School  Singer. 

The  Social  Singing  Book. 

The  Young  Melodist. 

Edson's  Vocal  Guide. 

Kingsley's  Juvenile  Choir. 

Ives'  Elementary  Singing  Book. 


Juvenile  Singing  School. 
Boston  School  Song  Book. 
Musical  A,  B,  C,  Book,  by  Ives. 

Do.    Spelling  Book,  do. 

Do.    Reader,  do. 
Amer.  Sunday  School  Singing  Book. 
Common  School  Singing  Book. 


A  NEW  AND  OKIGINAL  MUSIC  BOOX, 
on  an  entirely  new  plan. 

THE  YOUNG  LADIES'  CHOIR. 

A  Collection  of  Sacred  Music,  arranged  in  one,  two,  and  three  parts,  for  La- 
dies' voices,  with  an  Accompaniment  for  the  Piano  Forte — designed  for  the 
use  of  the  Seminary  and  Social  Circle.  Composed  and  arranged  by  George  F. 
Root,  Professor  of  Music  in  the  "Rutgers  Female  Institute,"  the  "Institu- 
tion of  the  Messrs.  Abbott,"  and  other  schools  in  the  city  of  New- York. 

We  would  recommend  this  Book  to  the  particular  attention  of  all  those  en- 
gaged in  teaching  Music,  as  they  will  find  it  invaluable. 

The  volume  is  the  size  of  the  common  Singing  Books,  the  paper,  printing, 
and  binding,  in  the  beautiful  style  of  Kingsley's  Social  Choir — retail  price, 
75  cents. 


DRAWING 

Juvenile  Drawing  Book. 

Child's  Elementary  Drawing  Book. 

The  Oxford  do. 

The  United  States  do. 

My  Own  Sketch  Book. 

Drawing  Book  of  Flowers. 

Child's  Drawing  Book  of  Objects. 

Coe's  do.       of  Amer.  Scenery. 

Linear  Drawing  Book. 


J  BOOKS. 

Drawing  for  Young  Children. 

Drawing,  First  Book. 
Do.       Second  do. 

Child's  Drawing  do. 

United  States  do.       of  Landscapes. 

The  Elementary  Drawing  Book,  com- 
plete Elements  of  Drawing. 

Drawing  Book  of  Flowers  and  Fruits 

Abbott's  Drawing  Cards,  7  series. 


LEAVITT,  TROW   &  CO.'S  CATALOGUE,  191  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


DICTIONARIES. 


Webster's  Dictionary,  University  ed. 

Do.  do.    for  Schools,  12mo. 

Do.  do.         do.  16mo. 

Worcester's  Elementary  Dictionary. 

Do.  Comprehensive  do. 
Gallaudet's  do. 
Scholar's  Companion. 

Do.      Reference  Book. 
Cobb's  Expositor. 
New- York  do. 
Jaudon's  do. 
Ladies'  Lexicon. 
Gentlemen's  do. 


Johnson  &  Walker,  18mo. 
Cobb's  Miniature  Lexicon. 
Johnson's  Pocket  Dictionary. 
Claggett's  Expositor. 
Primary  Dictionary. 
Pictorial  Definer,  by  Miss  Oram. 
Walker's  School  Dictionary. 

Do.      Pronouncing  do. 

Do.     Boston  School  edition. 
Cobb's  Walker's  Dictionary. 
Davies'      do.  do. 
Oswald's  Etymological  do. 


MISCELLANEOUS  SCHOOL  BOOKS. 
Sciences,  &c. 


Wayland's  Political  Economy. 


Do. 

Say's 
Potter's 
Newman's 
Vethake's 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


abridged. 


Wayland's  Moral  Science. 

Do.         do.  do.  abridged. 

Parker's  English  Composition. 

Do.     Aids  to  do. 
Frost's  Composition. 
Elements  of  do.  by  Dr.  Nott. 

Do.      of  Political  Economy. 
Paley's  Evidences  of  Christianity. 

Do.    Natural  Theology. 
Alexander's  Evidences  of  Christianity. 
Fergus*  Natural  Theology. 
Theological  Class  Book. 
Elements  of  Mythology. 
Keightley's  do. 
Mythological  Fables. 
Parley's  Mythology. 
Good's  Book  of  Nature. 


Do. 

do. 

do.  abridged. 

Marshall's  Life  of 

Washington,  ab'd. 

Weems' 

do. 

do. 

Do. 

do. 

Penn. 

Do. 

do. 

Franklin. 

Do. 

do. 

Marion. 

Simms' 

do. 

do. 

Do. 

do. 

John  Smith. 

Do. 

do. 

Putnam. 

Do. 

do. 

Nathaniel  Greene. 

Wirt's 

do. 

Patrick  Henry,  ab'd 

American  Constitutions. 
Jefferson's  Manual. 
Irving's  Life  of  Columbus,  12mo. 
Upham  on  the  Will. 


Watts  on  the  Mind. 
Mason  on  Self-Knowledge. 
Whateley's  Lessons  on  Reasoning. 
McElligott's  Orthography. 
Towndrow's  Stenography. 
Gould's  do. 
Blair's  Outline  of  History  and  Chro- 
nology. 
Bennet's  Bookkeeping. 

Do.  do.  single  entry. 

Marsh's  do. 

Do.  do.  do. 

Harris*  do. 
Hitchcock'  do. 
Key  to  do.  do. 
Preston's  do. 
Foster's  do. 

Do  (B.Wood's)  do. 

Do.  do.  do. 

Northend's  do. 
Colt's  do. 

Do.  do.  do. 

Moody's  do. 
Scientific  Class  Book,  Part  1. 

Do.  do.         do.  2. 

Smith's         do.      of  Anatomy. 
Arnott's  Elements  of  Physics. 
Sullivan's  Moral  Class  Book. 

Do.       Historical  do. 

Do.       Political  do. 
Analytical  Manual. 
Town's  Analysis. 

Dymond's  MoraUty,  with  (Questions. 
Foster's  Copy  Books,  10  Nos. 

Towndrow's  do.    with  copies  7  do. 

Do.  do.    without  "    7  do. 

Do.         System  of  Penmanship. 
Bascom'sCopy  Books,  4  Nos. 
35 


LKAVITT,  TROW  6c  CO.'s  CATALOGUE,  191  BROADWAY,  NEW-YORK. 


Noyes'  Penmanship. 

French's  Copy  Books,      6  Nos. 
Do.  Penmanship, 

Columbian  Writing  Book,  5  do. 

Winchester's      do.        4  do. 

Root's  Penmanship,        13  do. 

Controller's  Copy  Slips,    4  parts. 

Perkins'  Copy  Books,       5  do. 

Cooper's  Naval  History,  abridged. 

Alison's  History  of  Europe,  do. 

Frost's  Class  Book  of  Nature. 

Kame's  Elements  of  Criticism. 

Young's  Science  of  Government. 
Do.     Civil  do. 

Brewster's  Optics. 

Wheaton's  Law  of  Nations. 

Lieber's  liCgal  Hermeneutics. 

Story  on  the  Constitution. 

Pursuit  of  Knowledge  under  Diffi- 
culties, 2  vols. 

Bigelow's  Useful  Arts,  2  vols. 

Combe  on  the  Constitution  of  Man. 

Hart's  Constitution  of  the  U.  States. 

Wedgewood's  Revised  Statutes  of  U. 
S.  for  Schools. 
Do.  do.    New- York. 

Do.  do.  Pennsyl'ia. 

Do.  do.  Ohio. 

Democracy  in  America,  abridged. 

Adam's  Roman  Antiquities. 

Dillaway's  do.  do. 

Cleveland's  Grecian  do. 

Salkeld's  Classical  do. 

Manual  of  Classical  Literature. 

Supplemental  plates  to  do. 

Classical  Antiquities. 

Tooke's  Pantheon. 


School  Diary. 
Do.  Ledger. 
Do.  Register. 

Schlegel's  History  of  Literature. 

Lewis'  Platonic  Theology. 

Hazen's  Panorama  of  Trades. 

Book  of  Commerce. 

Chambers'  Educational  Course. 

Introduction  to  Animal  Physiology. 
Do.  Chemistry,  <&c. 

Do.  Drawing,  &c. 

House  I  Live  In. 

Butler's  Analogy. 
Do.         do.  abridged. 

Rollo  Code  of  Morals. 

Conversation  on  Common  Things. 

Beecher's  Domestic  Economy. 

Fine  School  edit'ns  of  Cowper's  Task, 
Pollok,  Thomson,  Young,  Pope's 
Essay,  and  Paradise  Lost. 

Joyce's  Scientific  Dialogues. 

Peale's  Graphics. 

Young  Citizen's  Manual. 

Poetry  for  Schools. 

Alger's  English  Teacher. 

The  School  Friend. 

Beauties  of  History. 

Goldsmith's  Natural  History. 

Trimmer's      do.  do. 

Bigland's        do.  do. 

Goodrich's  Pictorial  do. 

Irving's  Catechisms,  12  Nos.,  viz  : 
Jewish,  Grecian,  and  Roman  Anti- 
quities ;  Universal,  Grecian,  Roman, 
and  English  History ;  Astronomy, 
Chemistry,  Botany,  Biography,  and 
Mythology. 


LETTER  and  FOOLSCAP  PAPER,  Ruled  and  Plain. 

Do.  do.  cheap  quaUties,  suitable  for  Country  trade. 

BLANK  BOOKS. 

Day  Books,  Ledgers,  &c.,  bound  and  half-bound,  broad  and  long,  a  fine 
assortment  of  half-bound  Blanks,  different  sizes. 
Memorandum  and  Pass-Books  of  all  kinds. 

QUILLS. 

Common  and  fine,  varying  in  price  from  $1  25  to  $30  00  per  M. ;  a  very  good 
medium  quality,  suitable  for  general  use,  from  85  00  to  $7  00  per  M. 
Steet.  Pens,  by  the  gross,  in  boxes  and  on  cards. 
Slates  and  Slate  Pencils. 

Any  Stationery  wanted  supplied  at  the  lowest  market  rates. 

36 


Leavitt,  Trow  ^  Co.^s  Publications. 


OWEN'S  CLASSICAL  SERIES. 


From  the  notices  of  these  works  in  the  different  reviews,  and  letters  received 
from  many  of  the  first  Classical  Professors  and  scholars  in  the  country,  we  are 
fully  warranted  in  saying,  that  they  are  not  surpassed  (if  equalled)  by  any  simi- 
lar series. 

OWEN'S  XENOPHON'S  ANABASIS. 

5th  edition,  with  a  new  engraved  map. 
From  Professor  Felton^  Harvard  University. 
1  have  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  a  copy  of  your  excellent  edition  of  the 
Anabasis.    I  have  examined  it  with  much  care,  and  like  it  far  better  than  any 
other  edition  1  have  ever  read.    It  is  so  faithfully  and  laboriously  prepared, 
that  it  will  bear  the  closest  scrutiny." 

From  President  Woolsey,  of  Yale  College. 
"This  edition  must  be  regarded,  I  think,  as  decidedly  in  advance  of  all 
others,  to  which  students  of  the  Anabasis  in  our  country,  hitherto  have  had 
access." 

From  the  North,  American  Review. 
"  This  is  one  of  the  best  prepared  Classical  School  Books  that  has  ever  fallen 
under  our  notice." 

From  Professor  North,  of  Hamilton  College. 
"Our  students  have  found  it  for  their  comfort  and  advantage  to  use  your 
edition  of  the  Anabasis  since  its  appearance.  The  book  is  decidedly  popular. 
Of  its  merits,  I  think  there  can  be  but  one  honest  opinion.  With  a  text  remark- 
able for  its  beauty  and  correctness,  followed  by  a  judicious  and  scholarly  supply 
of  notes,  neither  too  many  nor  too  few." 

OWEN'S  HOMER'S  ODYSSEY. 

3d  edition. 
From  the  Princeton  Biblical  Repertory. 
"Mr.  Owen  is  entitled  to  the  thanks  of  all  true  scholars  for  this  beautiful 
edition,  which  is  far  from  being  a  mere  servile  reprint." 

From  Professor  Felton,  Harvard  University. 
"1  have  read  the  greater  part  of  your  book  with  unmixed  pleasure.  You 
have  hit  the  nail  precisely  on  the  head.    We  use  the  book  with  the  Freshmen." 

From  President  Woolsey,  Yale  College. 
"You  have  placed  before  the  student  an  apparatus  for  the  study  of  the  Odys- 
sey, such  as  I  know  of  nowhere  else  in  the  English  language." 

From  the  New  York  Observer 
"It  is  with  much  satisfaction  that  we  have  marked  the  successful  efforts  of 
Mr.  Owen  to  add  to  the  facilities  for  the  pursuit  of  classical  studies,  and  also  to 
observe  the  favor  with  which  his  contributions  have  been  received  by  some  of 
our  most  eminent  classical  scholars.  In  this  attempt  he  has,  in  our  opinion, 
so  happily  succeeded,  that  we  can  commend  the  edition  safely  for  the  use  of 
schools." 

From  the  New-  York  Evangelist. 
"The  notes  strike  us  as  admirable.   They  are  brief,  perspicuous,  and  full. 
References  are  carefully  made  to  Sophocles'  and  Kuhner's  Grammars.   It  is 
a  scholarly  and  creditable  work. 

1 


Leavitt,  Trow  &f  Co?s  Publications. 


OWEN'S  XENOPHON'S  CYROP/EDIA. 

Prom  one  of  the  Jirst  Scholars  in  the  Countrij, 

"  We  abominate  the  multitude  of  'asses'  bridges'  with  which  the  country  ia 
flooded,  in  the  shape  of  commentaries,  which  cover  up  the  text,  and  leave  the 
student  nothing  to  find  out  by  his  own  research.  These  works  of  Mr.  Owen's 
are  not  of  this  class.  'J  hat  they  are  well  adapted  to  the  object  in  view,  is 
evinced  by  the  fact,  that  they  are  approved  by  the  leading  professors  of  Greek  in 
our  colleges ;  and  are  already  very  extensively  used  in  our  best  seminaries*" 

From  Professor  Sturges,  Hanover  College. 

"The  'Odyssey'  and  'Cyropaedia'  of  Prof.  Owen  appear  fully  equal  to  his 
*  Anabasis;'  and  after  using  the  latter  for  three  years,  I  feel  that  I  cannot  give 
them  a  higher  praise.  The  Anabasis  is  one  of  the  very  best  edited  Greek  books 
T  have  ever  used,  learned,  modest  and  exact,  and  characterized  throughout  by  a 
good  sense  and  sound  judgment,  much  rarer  than  the  learning.  I  shall  intro- 
duce the  Odyssey  here  next  term.  1  am  glad  Prof.  Owen  is  engaged  with 
Thucydides,  that  most  admirable  and  difficult  author." 

From  the  Biblical  Repertory. 

"The  commendations  which  we  have  already  bestowed  on  his  'Anabasis' 
and  'Odyssey'  might  here  be  repeated.  We  find  the  same  elegance  and  cor- 
rectness of  text,  and  the  same  fullness  and  variety  of  annotation.  All  that  Mr. 
Owen  does  in  this  way  is  marked  with  learning  and  care." 

The  following  notice  of  Mr.  Owen's  works,  has  just  appeared  in  the 
Biblioiheca  Sacra,^^  published  at  Andover. 

"  Mr.  Owen  has  added  the  Cyropsedia  of  Xenophon  .1  his  excellent  series 
of  Greek  Classics.  This  is  the  first  edition  of  the  historical  romance  of  Xeno- 
phon which  has  appeared  in  our  country.  The  work  itself  is  of  much  interest, 
and  is  worthy  of  the  full  and  valuable  apparatus  which  Mr.  Owen  has  furnished 
for  the  study  of  it.  The  text  is  that  of  Dindorf,  which  is  probably  nearer  the 
true  reading  than  any  other.  '\  he  work  is  printed  with  unusual  accuracy. 
The  few  typographical  errors  which  we  have  detected,  being  confined  princi- 
pally to  the  accents.  The  notes  are  judicious,  and  what  cannot  often  be  said, 
on  just  the  passages  where  the  student  might  find  difficulty.  They  remind  us 
at  every  step  that  the  author  is  a  practical  teacher  well  acquainted  with  what 
the  student  needs,  neither  begetting  habits  of  indolence  in  him  by  afibrding 
him  too  much  assistance,  nor  leaving  him  in  de  pair,  by  giving  too  little.  The 
notes  illustrate  national  customs,  geography,  grammatical  usages,  the  idioms 
of  the  language  as  well  as  the  general  connection  of  thought.  These  editions 
of  the  Greek  Classics,  prepared  by  Mr  Owen,  have  been  received  with  high 
approbation  by  teachers  in  our  Schools  and  Colleges;  and  we  are  pleased  to 
learn  that  he  is  continuing  his  labors  in  this  department,  having  already  com- 
menced the  preparation  of  an  edition  of  Thucydides,  the  first  volume  of  which 
may  be  expected  in  about  a  year," 

OWEN'S  THUCYDIDES. 

NOTA  BENE.—The  Publishers  of  Mr.  Owen's  Works  are  happy  in  stating, 
that  so  far  as  it  has  come  to  their  knowledge,  in  every  instance  where  these 
books  have  been  examined  by  our  Colleges  and  Academies,  they  have  invaria- 
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JOHN  F.  TROW  AND  COMPANY. 


0penmen0  of  (f^vttk  antu  (Driental  ®2pe. 
I. 

PICA  GREEK. 

oVy  xal  ^tog  r]v  6  Xoyog.  Ovrog  rjv  sv  ccQXV  ^Qog 
TOV  &t6v.    JJavra  dc  avrov  eyavaro^  ^al  ;(ooQlg  av- 

II. 

SMALL   PICA  GREEK. 

aqyrj^  l]v  b  Xoyog,  ^ai  6  Xoyog  Ijv  nqog  rov  d^eor,  }tai  S^Eog 
r^v  6  Xoyog.  Ovrog  tjv  iv  UQxy  TiQog  tov  d^eov,  IJdvza  Sl  aviov 
iysvero,  xai  x^Q^^^  avzov  iysraio  ovds  ev,  6  yeyovev.    'Ev  avzcp  fw^ 

III. 

LONG   PRIMER  GREEK 

ciQxfi  r^v  o  Aoyog,  Ttal  6  Xoyog  rjV  ngog  rov  d^BoVy  nal  -dsog  rjV  6 
Xoyog,  Ovrog  tjv  sv  vcgxj]  ^iQog  tov  S'Sov,  Uavxa  8£  avrov  iysvsro^ 
xal  X^Q^  avrov  iyivsro  ovds  IV,  o  ysyovsv.        avrM  ^wr/  ^v,  xal  rj  ^ojtj 

IV. 

BOURGEOIS  GREEK. 

^Ev  oLgyrj  6  Xoyoq  xal  b  Xoyos  riv  Ttgog  tov  ^sov,  y.al  ^sog  ^v  6  Xoyoq, 
01  rag  riv  iv  dgxjj  Tigoq  rov  -O-iov,  IJavra  di  avrov  iyfvero,  y.al  X^^Q^i 
avrov  iyepsro  ovdk  fV,  o  yiyovtv,   *Ev  avrw  t^o)?}  ^v,  xat  i]  ^w?/  ^v  ro  cpcig  ruiv 


V. 

BREVIER  GREEK 

'Ev  dpx3  'Tf  S  X(5yof ,  KaX  h  \6yos  riv  npos  tov  6e6v^  koX  deog  tjv  h  X(Jyoj.  OJroj 
cv  «f>%3  Tpoj  TOV  Ocuv.    HdvTa  Jt'  avTOv  eyheTO,  kol  x<»>f)iJ  avTOv  iyivtTO  ov6l  Iv,  S 
yiyovzv,     'Ev  auroi        riv,  Koi  rj  ^wfi  i^v  to  0wj  tojv  dvBpcoircjv '  Koi  to  0wf  iv  gko" 

4 

)  ® 


PRINTING  ESTABLISHMENT. 
VI. 

GREAT   PRIMER  HEBREW. 
'    V  T  T  •• :  •  -  T  -  •      v:  T  T  •      ••  : 

VII. 

ENGLISH  HEBREW. 
I  V  T  T :  J  V  T  r  •• ;         •  —  t  —  ••  •     v;        t  t  •      ••  ; 

VIII. 

PICA  HEBREW. 

n)ri;»n  f^^jni  :fni<r(  nj;?)  n:'^iin  n^?  D'^n'b^^  i^'iia  n^T?«':?5 
•^Dss-b?  ntnnt)  D^n'bij^  n^ini  Dinn  ^?£>-b?         inhi  ^inh 

IX. 

SMALL   PICA  HEBREW. 

T  T :  T     I   V  T  T :       I   V  T  T        •• :        •  -  t  -       ••  •    vi        t  t  •  ••  : 

d\"}'l3£<  "^^^"^^  :  D'^^ari  nsn^nia  Din'isj  nni  tsinn  '^js-b?  r|Q;?.n5 

n'^n*^&<  ii'nn'^'i  "iifi<n-n5<  ti'^tibi^  fc<i^i  :^fi<-w  "iifi< 

I    •  •    vt       ••  ;—  •  TV         •    VI       :~  •  :-  •! 


MINION  HEBREW 
(without  points.) 

'^^^'b^  "]i5m  *inni  inn  nn'^n  Y^Nm  :  ynjcn  nixi  D^i^a-iDn  D'^n^jjc  sen::  rr^^rN^i!! 
-]i:n^T  DT«  nij<>  n^^J>ix        :  ^lonn  pnn  nixn     n^n^ic  bis'^n  niD-^D  nuxn-nx 


JOHN  F.  TROW  AND  COMPANY. 


XL 

LONG   PRIMER  HEBREW, 
(without  points.) 

!J5TT  :-n5<-in-'i  "nt^'^n"'  u-^nb^  naJs^-'T  :d"^?2n  ■'SS-Jji' 


XII. 

BOUKGEOIS  HEBREW, 
(without  points.) 

d^hSn  nm  Dinn         ^e^m  ihdt  inn  ^n^n 
niK  'n^  D^rtbi^  n^tin  :D^Dn  ^ii3-Srn£3hnD 


XIII. 

SMALL   PICA  RABBINIC. 

^cpi  ir»3i  it:)p  r^p^D  pf^t)) :  pf>r>  pf^)  o^rtt)  pf>  D'oif>  f>'5D  p'cf>'53 
:  'Jif'-'DM      w  t^oif)  "^r j?M  :  t:»PO  ':5-if>  prp'^r  tD'r>if>  rm  diop 


XIV. 

GREAT   PRIMER  SYRIAC. 


o  o 


XV. 

ENGLISH  SYRIAC. 

7       :r  3:  t  p  P      P         7  P  ,7  7       ,^  a: 

6 


 .  .  :  

PRINTING  ESTABLISHMENT. 

XVI. 
PICA  ARABIC. 


^^♦,X,t,XAi  -^y^ 


XVII. 

SMALL   PICA  ARABIC. 

^^-♦JjiAAi    -i>J>   JVi   K-M^   ^^si   Uif^  -^^T?  f:^' 

XVIII. 

PICA  SAMARITAN. 

tZA^^m  *m^zA  '^t^m 

:3twmt  'M^nmt  '•^^'iSA 

XIX. 

PICA  ETHIOPIC. 

(DI-^ih:  p-rii:  oar:  ^:  mh:  (DAHi::  (d&ap: 
Jift :  n-fliib :  cp  :  (Dolfiii- :  Hi-t: :  -v-i :  hi^yi-:  -tcaii  : 

XX. 

ENGLISH  COPTIC. 


HSW  LXBRARIf. 


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